extra micro questions Flashcards
these are NOT from past exams
The HSV virus reactivates via
a. retrograde flow
b. anterograde flow
b. anterograde flow
on a sensory neuron
Which of these is NOT a complication of chicken pox?
a. Pneumonia
b. Reyes syndrome
c. Guillain Barre syndrome
d. septic meningitis
e. transverse myelitis
f. cerebellar ataxi
g. encephalitis
d. septic meningitis
Aseptic meningitis is a complication, not septic meningitis
Zoster reactivation may result in facial paralysis if it occurs via
a. the trigeminal nerve
b. the cranial nerve VII and VIII
b. the cranial nerve VII and VIII
if the activation is via the trigeminal nerve, it may affect the eyes
Which these faces about Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is NOT true?
a. form multinucleated cells (owl eyes)
b. has a productive infection & a latent infection
c. has two serotypes
d. can spread via the placenta to the fetus
c. has two serotypes
it only has one
What type of malaria is a cofactor of Burkitt’s Lymphoma?
a. ovale malaria
b. falciparum malaria
c. vivax malaria
b. falciparum malaria
Which of the following does NOT cause croup?
a. influenza (an orthomyxovirus)
b. RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)
c. CMV (cytomegalovirus)
d. HMPV (Human metapneumovirus)
e. parainfluenza virus (a paramyxovirus)
c. CMV (cytomegalovirus)
Which of the following does not cause Herpetic Whitlow?
a. HSV 1
b. HSV 2
c. HSV 3
c. HSV 3
T/F: When the parotid glands of a mumps patient swell is when he can pass the virus
F: He can spread the virus 7 days before and after the swelling
What are the two liver enzymes you can test for if you think the patient has hepatitis?
Aspartate aminotransferase
Alaninie aminotransferase
How does the hepatitis virus travel from the GI to the liver?
Viremia
Which of the following can you get multiple times?
a. HAV
b. HBV
c. HEV
c. HEV
What is the only hepatitis virus that has dsDNA instead of ssRNA?
HBV
“Hepadna virus” is the best-known member is the hepatitis B viruses
Which if the following cannot be transmitted via breast feeding?
a. HBV
b. HCV
b. HCV
What does testing + for each of the following indicative of?
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb)
Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)
HBsAg- live virus in patient
HBsAb- recovered, immune, or vaccinated
HBeAg- tells you how active and contagious the virus is
HCV-specific IgG indicates
a. infectivity
b. exposure
c. immunity
b. exposure
A patient comes in passing loose fatty stools, what is the most likely diagnosis
a. entamoeba histolytica
b. gardia lamba
c. trichomonas vaginalis
b. gardia lamba
Which of the following is passed by trophozoite (the infective stage)?
a. entameoba histolytica
b. gardia lamba
c. trichomonas vaginalis
c. trichomonas vaginalis
Which of these has watery green diarrhea?
a. cyclospora
b. cryptosporidium
b. cryptosporidium
Which of these isn NOT a complication of aquairing toxoplasmosa during pregnancy?
a. Encephalitis
b. Abortion
c. Retinochoroiditis
d. Microcephaly
d. Microcephaly
Which of these malaria types does NOT cause latent infections via hypnozoites?
a. P. vivax
b. P. knowlesi
c. P. ovale
b. P. knowlesi
Why do you only find RBC’s in the ring stage in falciparum malaria?
The mature ones secrete antigens on the RBC surface that attach to capilaries and restrict them. So if you draw blood, you get the immature, ring stage RBC’s only.
Which of these Leshmaniasis stages is found inside the fly?
a. promastigotes
b. amastigotes
a. promastigotes
Which of the following is spread via phlembotomus?
a. malaria
b. leishmaniasis
c. african trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
b. leishmaniasis
malaria is spread by ANOPHELES
A patient acquires a life ling immunity after being infected with
a. cutaneous leishmaniasis
b. visceral leishmaniasis
a. cutaneous leishmaniasis
Which stage of Leishmaniasis is seen when you culture it NNN media?
a. promastigotes
b. amastigotes
a. promastigotes
Which stage of Leishmaniasis is seen when you smear it?
a. promastigotes
b. amastigotes
b. amastigotes
because they’re in the macrophage and don’t need the flagella
What can you conclude about patients that have a spreading cutaneous Leishmania infection?
They have low TH1 and high TH2 levels
they may have HIV, and thus a co-infection
Which leishmania strain is heat-sensitive?
a. L. major
b. L. mexicana
c. L. tropica
d. L. infantum
c. L. tropica
A patient is sleeping all the time, is disoriented and is malnutritioned. which of the following does he most likely have?
a. T.B. rhodesiense
b. T. cruzi
a. T.B. rhodesiense
sleeping sickness
How do you diagnose Strongyloides Stercoralis?
a. detecting the ova in the stool
b. detect the larvae in the stool
b. detect the larvae in the stool
How do you diagnose hookworms?
a. detecting the ova in the stool
b. detect the larvae in the stool
a. detecting the ova in the stool
hookworms= Necator Americanes and Ancylostoma dueodenale
Which of the following cause anemia?
a. Entrobius Vermicularis
b. Strongyloides Stercoralis
c. Necator Americanes and Ancylostoma dueodenale
d. Ascaris lumbricoides
c. Necator Americanes and Ancylostoma dueodenale
hookworms
Which of the following cause jaundice due to bile duct blockage?
a. Entrobius Vermicularis
b. Strongyloides Stercoralis
c. Necator Americanes and Ancylostoma dueodenale
d. Ascaris lumbricoides
d. Ascaris lumbricoides
What causes the double zone hemolysis of Clostridium perfringes?
a. alpha toxin
b. theta toxin
c. phospholipase C
d. catalase
b. theta toxin
C. tetani is sensative to
a. phospholipase C
b. tetanospasmin
c. tetanolysin
d. glutaraldehyde
e. aminoglycoside
d. glutaraldehyde
What is false about tetanus?
a. toxin-mediated illness
b. CNS affected via the blood and beta-motor fibers
c. causes rigid paralysis
d. prevented via DTP vaccine
e. can be caused by road traffic accidents
b. CNS affected via the blood and beta-motor fibers
it should be alpha, not beta motor fibers
Which of the Clostridium species is induced by antibiotics (ex/clindamycin)?
a. C. tetani
b. C. difficile
c. C. botulinum
b. C. difficile
T/F: if an infant with an HIV + mother tested positive, he has HIV
not necessarily, the child may have the HIV antibodies in his serum as a result of drinking the mom’s breast milk or by acquiring them during pregnancy or delivery
Which cell is destroyed by the HIV infection?
a. CD8 T cell
b. CD4 T cell
b. CD4 T cell
What is the confirmatory HIV test?
a. EIA test (enzyme immune assay)
b. western bolt test
b. western bolt test
Which of the following is NOT associated with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV-l)?
a. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
b. Atypical hairy cell leukemia (HCL)
c. Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)
d. HTLV-I–associated myelopathy (HAM)
b. Atypical hairy cell leukemia (HCL)
Which of the following is NOT associated with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type II (HTLV-II)?
a. Large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGL)
b. Atypical hairy cell leukemia (HCL)
c. Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)
c. Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)
Histology lab finds clover leaf lymphocytes, which does the patient most likely have?
a. Large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGL)
b. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
c. Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)
b. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
Which of the following viruses cause outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in military recruits?
a. adenovirus
b. orthopoxvirus
c. parapoxvirus
a. adenovirus
The rash of smallpox is
a. centrifugal
b. centripetal
a. centrifugal
What is the causative agent of smallpox?
Variola, an orthopoxvirus
HPV type 5 and 8 results in what disease?
a. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)
b. Laryngeal papilloma
c. Intraepithelial Neoplasia
a. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)
B is HPV 6&11
JC virus causes…
a. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)
b. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
b. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
BK virus causes a
in an asymptomatic polio infection, the virus is restricted to the
a. Blood
b. GI tract
c. Meninges
d. Brain
b. GI tract
Which polio paralysis affects the brainstem and causes muscle paralysis?
a. Bular paralysis
b. Spinal paralysis
c. Bulbospinal paralysis
a. Bular paralysis
What does mucocutaneous leishmaniasis destroy?
a. Connective tissue
b. Cartilage
c. Skin
b. Cartilage
A man presented with urethral discharge. What three species cause this?
Mycoplasma hominis (acellular discharge)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (discharge has diplococci cells)
Chalmydia trachomatis (acellular discharge)
condyloma accuminata is caused by
a. adenovirus
b. CMV
c. HPV
c. HPV
condyloma accuminata = genetal warts
Which of the following tapeworms has hooks and hosts their cysts in pigs?
a. Taenia saginata
b. Taenia solium
b. Taenia solium
spreads by eating the cysts
Which of the following cause cysticercosis?
a. Taenia saginata
b. Taenia solium
c. Echinococcus granulosus
d. Echinococcus multilocularis
b. Taenia solium
Which of the following is most likely to cause anaphylactic shock?
a. Taenia saginata
b. Taenia solium
c. Echinococcus granulosus
d. Echinococcus multilocularis
c. Echinococcus granulosus
grows hydatid and they may rupture
Which of the following causes urinary schistosomiasis?
a. S mansoni
b. S japonicum
c. S hematobium
d. S mekongi
c. S hematobium
the rest are GI schisto
how is schistosomiasis transmitted?
a. fecal-oral route
b. through skin
c. sexually transmitted
b. through skin
Which of the following causes tropical pulmonary eosinophilia?
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
b. Onchocerca volvulus
c. Dracunculus medinensis
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
In which of these does the fly insert a larvae into the skin?
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
b. Onchocerca volvulus
b. Onchocerca volvulus
A= microfilarIae
Which of the following does NOT go through antigen variation to evade the immune system?
a. Trypanosoma Cruzi
b. Schistosomes
c. Plasmodium falciparum
d. Gardia lamblia
e. Nisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Schistosomes
Which of these release proteases to cleave IgG?
a. Trypanosoma Cruzi
b. Gardia lamblia
c. Plasmodium falciparum
d. Schistosomes
d. Schistosomes
For which of these is serology not useful?
a. Cryptosporidium
b. E. histolytica
c. Toxoplasmosis
a. Cryptosporidium
Gardia lambila & visceral leishmaniasis too
What is Chaga’s disease and what causes it?
A bug injects trypomastigotes and they travel to reticuloendothelial cells and smooth muscle cells to cause inflammation.
Caused by Trypanosoma Cruzi
What is the grouping of Neisseria spp.?
a. gram-positive cocci
b. gram-negative cocci
c. gram-positive bacilli
d. gram-negative bacilli
b. gram-negative cocci
Antitoxins are useless against…
a. cytotoxins
b. neurotoxins
c. endotoxins
d. enterotoxins
c. endotoxins
antitoxins are antibodies made to stop exotoxins; useless against endotoxins
Which of the following is novobiocin susceptible?
a. staph saprophyticus
b. staph epidermidis
b. staph epidermidis
Which of the following is optochin resistant and bile insoluble?
a. strept viridans
b. strept pneumoniae
a. strept viridans
Which of the following completely lyse RBC’s?
a. alpha hemolytic
b. beta hemolytic
c. gamma hemolytic
b. beta hemolytic
Which of the following causes tonsilitis?
a. beta-hemolytic group A
b. beta-hemolytic group B
c. beta-hemolytic group C
d. beta-hemolytic group F
c. beta-hemolytic group C (and group D)
Which of the following smells like caramel and causes abscesses?
a. beta-hemolytic group A
b. beta-hemolytic group B
c. beta-hemolytic group C
d. beta-hemolytic group F
d. beta-hemolytic group F
Which of the following has the Panton-Valentine Leucocidin to kill PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)?
a. strept viridans
b. strept pneumoniae
c. staph aureus
b. staph epidermidis
c. staph aureus
What are complications of S. pyogenes?
Acute rheumatic fever after a throat infection
Acute glomerulonephritis after a throat or skin infection
Which of these is only available in the inferior mesenteric vein?
a. S. Hematobium
b. S. Mansoni
c. S. Japonicum
b. S. Mansoni
Which of these cause acute diarrhea after shellfish consumption?
a. V. cholera
b. V. parahemolyticus
c. V. vulnificus
c. V. vulnificus
parahemolyticus = explosive diarrhea
What type of shock does V. cholera cause?
a. cardiac shock
b. hypovolemic shock
c. anaphylactic shock
b. hypovolemic shock
diarrhea causes low volume
What is it called when Mycobacterium spreads to the lymph node and proliferates?
a. Ghon focus
b. Ghon complex (aka Primary complex)
b. Ghon complex
Ghon focus = only in the lung
Which of the following is used by mycobacterium for tubercle formation?
a. oxygen radical detoxification
b. antigen 85 complex
c. the high lipid in the cell wall
b. antigen 85 complex
Which of these has a type 4 pilus?
a. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Neisseria meningitidis
b. Neisseria meningitidis
Which of these N. meningitidis serogroups does not have a vaccine?
a. A
b. C
c. W-135
d. Y
d. Y
serogroups X, Y, & Z are all rare and don’t have vaccines
Which of these is does a person coming back from Mecca most likely have?
a. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Neisseria meningitidis
c. Moraxella Catarrhalis
b. Neisseria meningitidis
Which is the most infectious serotype of Legionella?
a. L. longbeachae
b. L. pneumophila
b. L. pneumophila
What color does Legionella appear under UV light?
a. gray-white
b. blue-green
c. blue-white
c. blue-white
How does the legionella enter a macrohage?
a. via a receptor
b. actin dependent entry
b. actin dependent entry
enters amoeba via receptor
what’s ppGpp and how does it relate to legionella?
ppGpp is Guanosine pentaphosphate, and it builds up when amino acids are low in a cell. So legionella uses the amino acids in a macrophage that it invades, and ppGpp is produced. The ppGpp regulates genes for amino acid uptake synthesis.
What does hyaluronidase do?
breaks down hyaluronic acid, which holds together connective tissue
Which of these does not cause infective endocarditis?
a. staph saprophyticus
b. staph epidermidis
c. staph aureus
a. staph saprophyticus
which of these has a hyaluronic acid capsule?
a. strept pneumoniae
b. Strept pyogenes
b. Strept pyogenes
pneumoniae has a polysaccharide capsule
What bacteria can be diagnosed by urea breath test?
helicobacter pylori
Why does Helicobacter pylori cause peptic ulcers?
the urase produces ammonia that acts to make ionic changes to the mucus layer. proteases then degrade that mucus.
what two stains are used for mycobacterium?
ziehl-neelsen stain
auramine stain
Which mycobacterium spp has the longest incubation period?
a. M. kansasi
b. M. avium-intracellulare
c. M. leprae
d. M. marinum
c. M. leprae
5-7 years incubation in young adults
Which of these N. meningitidis serogroups causes epidemic outbreaks?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. W-135
b. B
Which of these N. meningitidis serogroups causes epidemic meningitis?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. W-135
a. A (occurs in Africa)
How does Moraxella Catarrhalis initially attach to the nasopharynx?
a. slime
b. polysaccharide capsule
c. lipo-oligosaccharide
c. lipo-oligosaccharide
Which of the following legionella virulence factors stop lysosome fusion?
a. mip
b. dot/icm
c. mak
d. mil
e. pmi
b. dot/icm
defective organelle trafficking
Which of the following legionella virulence factors aids in infection?
a. mip
b. dot/icm
c. mak
d. mil
e. pmi
a. mip
macrophage infectivity promoter
What is pontiac fever and what causes it?
its a mild upper respiratory infection (lungs not involved) that resembles acute influenza, caused by legionella
Which of these methods does not kill legionella?
a. gamma rays treatment
b. monochloramine
c. UV light treatment
d. heating it to 60 degrees
a. gamma rays treatment
which of the following causes a dry and no painful penile ulcer?
a. Treponema pallidum
b. Haemophilus ducreyi
a. Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)
Haemophilus ducreyi causes a wet and painful ulcer
What factors do Haemophilus species need to grow? Which agar can be used?
they need factors X and V, & NAD
chocolate agar is used to culture them
Which H. influenzae type is associated with invasive infections?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
f. F
b. B
Which of the following exacerbates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a. invasive H. influenzae infections
b. non-invasive H. influenzae infections
b. non-invasive H. influenzae
Which of the following can lead to blindness?
a. Chlamydial opthalmia neonatorum
b. Adult inclusion conjunctivitis
c. Trachoma
c. Trachoma
Which of the following causes Lymphgranuloma venereum (LGV)?
a. Chlamydia trachomatis
b. Chlamydia Psittaci
c. Chlamydia Pneumoniae
a. Chlamydia trachomatis
LGV = chronic infection of the lymphatic system that may lead to infertility in women
Which of the following does a bird handler most likely have?
a. Chlamydia trachomatis
b. Chlamydia Psittaci
c. Chlamydia Pneumoniae
b. Chlamydia Psittaci
Which of the following causes hemolytic anemia?
a. Mycoplasma hominis
b. Ureaplasma urealyticum
c. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
c. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Which of the following clostridium difficile infections cause bloody diarrhea?
a. antibiotic associated diarrhea
b. antibiotic associated colitis
c. pseudomembranous colitis
c. pseudomembranous colitis
infections after abdominal surgery are caused by…
bacterides fragilis
peptostreptococcus micros causes
brain abscesses
Which if the following is NOT caused by Brucella spp.?
a. granuloma
b. septicemia
c. abscess
d. undulant fever
b. septicemia
is there human to human spread of Brucella spp.?
no, individuals usually get the bacteria via animal contact
aerosol, broken skin, ingestion
Which of the following species cannot cause respiratory infection (pertussis)?
a. B. pertussis
b. B. bronchiseptica
c. B. parapertussis
d. B. holmesii
b. B. bronchiseptica
this only causes pertussis in animals, which can later be picked up by humans
Which of these cause hypoglycemia?
a. tracheal cytotoxin
b. pertussis toxin
c. adenylate cyclase toxin
d. dermonecrotic toxin
b. pertussis toxin
Which of the following stops cilia movement and regeneration of damaged cells?
a. tracheal cytotoxin
b. pertussis toxin
c. adenylate cyclase toxin
d. dermonecrotic toxin
a. tracheal cytotoxin
Which of the following is used to culture corynebacterium diphtheriae?
a. bordet-Gengou medium
b. tinsdale agar
b. tinsdale agar
a is used bordetella spp.
when does the second viremia occur in chickenpox?
a. when the virus is replicating in the regional lymph nodes
b. when the virus is replicating in the reticulo-endothelial system
c. when the lesions are crusting
b. when the virus is replicating in the reticulo-endothelial system
(a= primary viremia)
What is Guillian barre syndrome? Which virus is it associated with?
it occurs when the body is attacking the nerves and the myelin surrounding it. Associated with varicella-zoster virus
Where can CMV not be found?
a. T-lymphocytes
b. CD34+ progenitor cells
c. secretions
d. liver
e. spleen
f. epithelial cells (cervix and testes)
d. liver
Which of the following can only infect humans?
a. influenza A
b. influenza B
b. influenza B
Which of the following causes pandemics?
a. antigenic shift
b. antigenic drift
a. antigenic shift
Which of the following is characterized by Koplik spots?
a. RSV
b. HMPV
c. Measles
d. Mumps
c. Measles
Which of these infants is least likely to have RSV?
a. immunocompromized infant
b. infant with pulmonary disease
c. infant with congenital heart disease
d. infant with protein deficiency
d. infant with protein deficiency
Which of these is causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis?
a. HAV
b. HEV
c. HCV
d. HDV
b. HEV
which TWO of the following may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma?
a. HAV
b. HBV
c. HCV
d. HDV
e. HEV
b. HBV
&
c. HCV
Which of these is a defective virus?
a. HAV
b. HEV
c. HCV
d. HDV
d. HDV
Which of these is the adenovirus NOT capable of infecting?
a. eyes
b. GI tract
c. spleen
d. urinary bladder
e. respiratory tract
c. spleen
Which of the following doesn’t have a centrifugal rash?
a. variola
b. measles
c. chicken pox
c. chicken pox
Which of the following has reservoirs in rats, squirrels, and dogs?
a. cowpox
b. monkeypox
c. orf
d. polyomavirus WU/KI
b. monkeypox
cowpox reservoir = rats only
Which of these cause milkers nodules?
a. cowpox
b. pseudocowpox
b. pseudocowpox
Which of these cause follicular papules with keratin?
a. trichodysplasia spinulosa virus
b. pseudocowpox
c. cowpox
d. polyomavirus WU/KI
a. trichodysplasia spinulosa virus (TSPyV)
Which of these cause pustular dermatitis?
a. cowpox
b. pseudocowpox
c. orf
d. polyomavirus WU/KI
c. orf
contact with sheep causes this. treat with cidofovir
Which of the following enteroviruses doesn’t cause myocarditis?
a. Coxsackie A
b. Coxsackie B
c. Echoviruses
d. Polio
d. polio
Which of the following enteroviruses doesn’t cause febrile exanthema (fever and rash)?
a. Coxsackie A
b. Coxsackie B
c. Echoviruses
d. Polio
d. Polio
its also the only one that has a vaccine
Which causes flaccid paralysis?
a. Bular paralysis
b. Spinal paralysis
c. Bulbospinal paralysis
b. Spinal paralysis
How does the poliovirus spread throughout the body?
it’s an “asymptomatic” infection when in the GI tract, then it becomes abortive poliomyelitis when it reaches the blood and causes fever. After that, it becomes “non-paralytic poliomyelitis” and reaches the meninges and causes a stiff neck. Then it reaches the brain and causes paralysis, “paralytic poliomyelitis”
Which of the following is NOT caused by Coxsackie B?
a. viral (aseptic) meningitis
b. herpangina
c. hand, foot, and mouth disease
d. enterovirus carditis
c. hand, foot, and mouth disease
Caused by coxsackie A and echovirus
You suspect a patient has Brucella, which of the following do you NOT culture?
a. blood
b. urine
c. bone marrow
b. urine
whooping cough is a symptom of which Bordetella spp.?
a. B. pertussis
b. B. holmesii
c. B. parapertussis
a. B. pertussis
Which of the following is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?
a. HHV4
b. HHV5
c. HHV7
d. HHV8
d. HHV8
which of the following predisposes to streptococcus pneumonia?
a. G6PD
b. sickle cell anemia
c. duffy blood group antigen deficiency
b. sickle cell anemia
Which of the following causes enteric fever?
a. shigella
b. typhoid salmonella
c. non-typhoid salmonella
b. typhoid salmonella
Which of the following does NOT cause antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis?
a. shigella dysenteriae
b. clostridium difficile
c. klebsiella oxytoca
a. shigella dysenteriae
it is caused by the other two organisms
Which of these attaches EPEC into the intestinal mucosa?
a. eae gene
b. bfp gene
c. lol gene
b. bfp gene
Which of the following aid in stone formation in the urinary tract?
a. proteus spp.
b. shigella spp.
c. klebsiella spp.
a. proteus spp.
it makes urease, which makes the urine more basic and can lead to the formation of crystals
Which of the following E. coli spp. occurs in industrialised countries?
a. Enterotoxigenic
b. Enteroinvasive
c. Enteropathogenic
d. Enterohaemorrhagic
e. Enteroaggregative
d. Enterohaemorrhagic
Which of the following E. coli spp. affects kids?
a. Enterotoxigenic
b. Enteroinvasive
c. Enteropathogenic
d. Enterohaemorrhagic
e. Enteroaggregative
c. Enteropathogenic
Which of the following E. coli spp. produces cholera-like diarrhea?
a. Enterotoxigenic
b. Enteroinvasive
c. Enteropathogenic
d. Enterohaemorrhagic
e. Enteroaggregative
a. Enterotoxigenic
peyer’s patches are seen in patients with
S. typhi
rose spots are also a symptom
Which of the following shigella spp can ferment lactose if incubated for 24 hours (it also occurs mainly in developed countries)?
a. Shigella dysenteriae
b. Shigella flexneri
c. Shigella boydii
d. Shigella sonnei
d. Shigella sonnei
Which of the following produces diffusable pigments?
a. Burkholderia mallei
b. Burkholderia pseudomallei
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
which of the following causes Melioidosis (aka Whitmore’s disease)?
a. Burkholderia mallei
b. Burkholderia pseudomallei
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Burkholderia maltophilia
e. Burkholderia cepacia
b. Burkholderia pseudomallei
aquired through the skin & presents as fever
which of the following causes pneumonia in people with CF?
a. Burkholderia mallei
b. Burkholderia pseudomallei
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Burkholderia maltophilia
e. Burkholderia cepacia
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
also causes swimmer’s ear
When kids that have sickle cell anemia get ___, they are more prone to osteomyelitis
a. shigella
b. typhoid salmonella
c. non-typhoid salmonella
c. non-typhid salmonella
Which of these shigella toxins mediate watery diarrhea?
a. shEt 1
b. shEt 2
c. shiga toxin
d. A&B
d. A&B
shiga toxin = HUS
Which of the following develop bulls eye colonies in CIN agar?
a. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
b. Yersinia enterocolitica
c. Yersinia pestis
b. Yersinia enterocolitica
causes reiters syndrome
Which of the following caused the bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plagues?
a. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
b. Yersinia enterocolitica
c. Yersinia pestis
c. Yersinia pestis
Which best describes YOPs (Yersinia outer membrane protein)?
a. allows attachment to endothelium
b. inhibits phagocytosis and cytokine production
c. contribute to intracellular survival
b. inhibits phagocytosis and cytokine production
Which of the following does NOT cause reactive arthritis (aka reiters syndrome)?
a. Yersinia enterocolitica
b. Campylobacter spp.
c. Enteroinvasive E. coli
c. Enteroinvasive E. coli
the other two cause reiter’s
Which of the following is diagnosed with flourescent treponemal antibody test?
a. Treponema carateum
b. Treponema pallidum
c. Treponema pertenue
d. Treponema endemicum
b. Treponema pallidum
Which TWO mainly effect children?
a. Treponema carateum
b. Treponema pallidum
c. Treponema pertenue
d. Treponema endemicum
c. Treponema pertenue (causeing Yaws)
&
d. Treponema endemicum (causing Bejel)
Which TWO of the following is spread via ticks?
a. Borrelia duttoni
b. Borrelia recurrentis
c. Borrelia burgdorferi
a. Borrelia duttoni
&
c. Borrelia burgdorferi
Which of the following is spread via lice?
a. Borrelia duttoni
b. Borrelia recurrentis
c. Borrelia burgdorferi
b. Borrelia recurrentis
louse born
Which of the following causes erythema chronicum migrans (skin rash)?
a. Borrelia duttoni
b. Borrelia recurrentis
c. Borrelia burgdorferi
c. Borrelia burgdorferi
Which of the following leptospira spp. may cause jaundice & renalfailure?
a. L. canicola
b. L. interrogans
c. L. icterohaemorrhagia
b. L. interrogans
Which of the following leptospira spp. is found in rats?
a. L. canicola
b. L. interrogans
c. L. icterohaemorrhagia
c. L. icterohaemorrhagia
what fungal cell wall component is anti-inflammatory?
a. mannan
b. beta glucan
c. chitin
c. chitin
What is ergosterol?
a. part of the fungal cells wall
b. part of the fungal plasma membrane that gives it fluidity and structure
c. a capsule that surrounds and protects the fungus
c. part of the fungal plasma membrane that gives it fluidity and structure
What is true about fungi?
a. they rely on ingestion to get their nutrients
b. they absorb nutrients via mycelium
c. the bigger the spore size, the higher the lung invasion
d. the become mold at 37 degrees and yeast at 25
b. they absorb nutrients via mycelium
what the difference between these two sexual spores?
basidiospores VS ascospores
basidiospores are produced outside the cell while ascospores are produced inside the cell (in a ascus structure)
What agar do you use to culture fungi?
Sabouraud agar
Which of the following causes invasive mycoses?
a. Microsporum
b. Mucorales
c. Trichophyton
d. Epidermophyton
b. Mucorales
Which of the following causes cutaneous mycoses?
a. Aspergillus
b. Mucorales
c. Fusarium
d. Trichophyton
d. Trichophyton
Which of the following is associated with diabetes mellitus?
a. Microsporum
b. Trichophyton
c. Mucorales
d. Epidermophyton
c. Mucorales
Which of the following fusariosis diseases do immunocompetent patients get?
a. invasive & disseminated
b. localized & superficial
b. localized & superficial
immunosuppressed get a
Which of the following is seen in the CT scan of a neutropenic patient with aspergillosis?
a. air crescent
b. halo
c. peace sign
d. star
b. halo
air crescent appears after neutropenia recovery
Which of the following is likely to occur after abdominal surgery?
a. Candidiasis
b. Cryptococcosis
c. Histoplasmosis
d. Coccidioidomycosis
a. Candidiasis
also causes oral thursh
Which of the following is found in decaying wood and can infects the brain and meninges?
a. Cryptococcosis neoformans
b. Cryptococcosis gattii
b. Cryptococcosis gattii
Which of the following is diagnosed by niger seed agar?
a. Candidiasis
b. Cryptococcosis
c. Coccidioidomycosis
d. Blastomycosis
b. Cryptococcosis
Which of the following is diagnosed germ tubes?
a. Candidiasis
b. Cryptococcosis
c. Histoplasmosis
d. Coccidioidomycosis
a. Candidiasis
Which of the following is diagnosed w/CGB medium?
a. Candidiasis
b. Cryptococcosis neoformans
c. Cryptococcosis gattii
d. Coccidioidomycosis
c. Cryptococcosis gattii
Which of the following is characterized by the infection of phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system?
a. Cryptococcosis
b. histoplasmosis
c. Blastomycosis
d. Penicilliosis
b. histoplasmosis
A patient recently traveled to asia/southern china, which of these does he most likely have?
a. Histoplasmosis
b. Coccidioidomycosis
c. Blastomycosis
d. Penicilliosis
d. Penicilliosis (talaromycosis)
whats the window phase for each of the following?
a. hepatitis B
b. HIV
a = 8 months b = 3 to 4 weeks
Which of these malaria stages is injected by the fly?
a. merozoites
b. sporozoite
c. hypnozoites
b. sporozoite
Which of these malaria stages is found in the blood?
a. merozoites
b. sporozoite
c. hypnozoites
a. merozoites
What’s the major target of Cryptosporidium?
a. jejunum
b. ileum
c. duodenum
a. jejunum
Which of the following is lactose-nonfermenting?
a. Klebsella
b. Proteus
c. E. Coli
b. Proteus
the other two show pink on McConkey agar
Which of the following does NOT cause meningitis in newborns?
a. Klebsella
b. Proteus
c. E. Coli
a. Klebsella
Which of the following proteus spp. cross react with rickettsiae?
a. P. mirabilis
b. P. rettgeri
c. P. vulgaris
c. P. vulgaris
Which of the following Klebsella spp. causes antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis?
a. K. aerogenes
b. K. rhinoscleromatis
c. K. ozaenae
d. K. oxytoca
d. K. oxytoca
Which of the following Klebsella spp. causes atrophic rhinitis (mucosal wasing)?
a. K. aerogenes
b. K. rhinoscleromatis
c. K. ozaenae
d. K. oxytoca
c. K. ozaenae
Which of the following are more likely to develop HUS after being infected with Shigella dysenteriae?
a. child
b. adult
c. elderly
a. child
renal failure, hemolytic anemia, & thrombocytopenia
which of the following has higher mortality in patients with hematological malignancies?
a. Burkholderia mallei
b. Burkholderia pseudomallei
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Burkholderia maltophilia
e. Burkholderia cepacia
d. Burkholderia maltophilia
which of the following effects people with hematological malignancies?
a. Burkholderia mallei
b. Burkholderia pseudomallei
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Burkholderia maltophilia
e. Burkholderia cepacia
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which Treponema spp. causes Yaws?
a. T. pallidum
b. T. pertenue
c. T. endemicum
d. T. carateum
b. T. pertenue
Which Treponema spp. causes pinta?
a. T. pallidum
b. T. pertenue
c. T. endemicum
d. T. carateum
d. T. carateum
Antibodies against which antigen are used to detect treponema in a non-specific test?
cardiolipin, it’s a phospholipid that is released from our cells due to damage
Which Treponema spp. causes hypopigmentation?
a. T. pallidum
b. T. pertenue
c. T. endemicum
d. T. carateum
d. T. carateum
Which Treponema spp. causes bejel?
a. T. pallidum
b. T. pertenue
c. T. endemicum
d. T. carateum
c. T. endemicum
bejel = endemic syphilis
Which of the following is more powdery or cottony?
a. mold
b. yeast
a. mold
Which of the following describes coenocytic hypae?
a. septate
b. sparsely septate
c. non-septate
c. non-septate
What organism causes black bread mold?
a. Rhizopus stolonifer
b. Histoplasma capsulatum
c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
a. Rhizopus stolonifer
Which of two of the following are dimorphic fungi?
a. Rhizopus stolonifer
b. Histoplasma capsulatum
c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
d. Aspergillus fumigatus
b. Histoplasma capsulatum
&
c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
Which of the following is naturally found in the human lung?
a. pneumocystis jirovecii
b. cryptococcus neoformans
c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
a. pneumocystis jirovecii
Which of the following has a white and cottony morphology that develops into a pink or violet color?
a. Aspergillus
b. Mucorales
c. Fusarium
d. Trichophyton
c. Fusarium
Which of the following is found in pigeon excreta?
a. Candidiasis
b. Cryptococcosis neoformans
c. Cryptococcosis gattii
d. Coccidioidomycosis
b. Cryptococcosis neoformans
Which of the following is found in decaying wood?
a. Candidiasis
b. Cryptococcosis neoformans
c. Cryptococcosis gattii
d. Coccidioidomycosis
c. Cryptococcosis gattii
Which of the following is viewed by india ink preparation?
a. Candidiasis
b. Cryptococcosis neoformans
c. Cryptococcosis gattii
d. Coccidioidomycosis
b. Cryptococcosis neoformans
Which of two of the following is an intracellular fungi that divides via fission?
a. Rhizopus stolonifer
b. Histoplasma capsulatum
c. Talaromyces marneffei
d. Aspergillus fumigatus
c. Talaromyces marneffei
Which if the following has more peptidoglycan?
a. gram +
b. gram -
c. mycoplasma
a. gram +
Which of the following is used to treat MSSA (methicillin susceptible staph aureus)?
a. vancomycin
b. cloxacillin
c. novobiocin
b. cloxacillin
Which of the following is the most common cause of blood culture contamination?
a. Staph epidermidis
b. Staph aureus
b. Staph saprophyticus
a. Staph epidermidis
Which of the following causes dental caries?
a. strept pneumoniae
b. strept agalactiae
c. strept viridans
d. Staph epidermidis
c. strept viridans
Which of the following causes toxic shock-like syndrome?
a. strept pneumoniae
b. staph aureus
c. staph pyogens
c. staph pyogens
toxic shock syndrome= staph aureus
Which of the following causes neonatal disease?
a. strept pneumoniae
b. strept agalactiae
c. staph pyogens
d. Staph epidermidis
b. strept agalactiae
Which of the following causes flesh-eating bacteria and scarlet fever?
a. strept pneumoniae
b. strept agalactiae
c. staph pyogens
d. Staph epidermidis
c. staph pyogens
Which of these is a non-halphilic vibrio?
a. V. cholera
b. V. parahemolyticus
c. V. vulnificus
a. V. cholera
Which media is used to culture V. cholera?
a. TCBS media
b. charcoal based media
TCBS media (thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar)
Which of two of the following causes explosive diarrhea?
a. V. cholera
b. V. parahemolyticus
c. V. vulnificus
b. V. parahemolyticus
Which of these causes irreversible CAMP activation?
a. V. cholera
b. V. parahemolyticus
c. V. vulnificus
a. V. cholera
Which of the V. cholera antigens causes epidemics & bloody diarrhea?
a. O1 antigen
b. non-O1 antigen
b. non-O1 antigen
What does a long-standing infection of H. pylori cause?
a. peptic ulcer
b. nausea
c. gastric cancer
d. urase breath
c. gastric cancer
Which of the following stains that are used for mycobacterium require a methylene blue counterstain?
a. Auramine stain
b. Fluorochrome stain
c. Ziehl-Neelsen stain
c. Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Auramine stain = Fluorochrome stain
Which of the following produces a false positive in the tuberculin skin test?
a. HIV
b. NTM
b. NTM
NTM= Nontuberculous mycobacteria
Which of the following has little or no pigment when grown in the dark but is highly pigmented when grown in light (photochromogenic)?
a. M. scrofulaceum
b. M. avium-intracellulare
c. M. kansasi
c. M. kansasi
Which Mycobacterium spp. is scotochromogen (produces pigment under dark and light)?
a. M. scrofulaceum
b. M. avium-intracellulare
c. M. kansasi
a. M. scrofulaceum
Which Mycobacterium spp. is scotochromogen (produces pigment under bothdark and light)?
a. M. scrofulaceum
b. M. avium-intracellulare
c. M. kansasi
a. M. scrofulaceum
Which of the following have is localized in lesions?
a. Lepromatous leprosy
b. Tuberculoid leprosy
b. Tuberculoid leprosy
Which of the following has type 4 pilus to attach to the nasopharynx?
a. Nisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Nisseria meningitidis
c. Moraxella catarrhalis
b. Nisseria meningitidis
Which of the following has LOS to attach to the nasopharynx?
a. Nisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Nisseria meningitidis
c. Moraxella catarrhalis
c. Moraxella catarrhalis
Which of the following is the most common invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenza?
a. epiglottitis
b. pneumonia
c. septic arthritis
d. meningitis
d. meningitis
Which of the following causes epidemic conjunctivitis?
a. Haemophilus influenza
b. Haemophilus aegypticus
c. Haemophilus ducreyi
b. Haemophilus aegypticus
Which of the following is the infective form of chlamydia?
a. elementary bodies
b. reticular bodies
a. elementary bodies
reticular = replicate
Which of the following is visualized via Chinese fried egg method?
a. mycoplasma
b. chlamydia
c. legionella
d. niesseria
a. mycoplasma
Which of the following causes descending paralysis?
a. C. tetani
b. C. difficile
c. C. botulinum
c. C. botulinum
Which of the following is treated with oral vancomycin?
a. C. tetani
b. C. difficile
c. C. botulinum
b. C. difficile
Which of the following is most likely in canned food?
a. C. tetani
b. C. difficile
c. C. botulinum
c. C. botulinum
Which of the following effects the CNS?
a. C. tetani
b. C. difficile
c. C. botulinum
a. C. tetani
c= the PNS
Which of the following foods shouldn’t be eaten by a person with EBV?
a. potatoes
b. fish
c. canned food
b. fish
nitrosamines in fish food is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which is more common in EBV patients
Which of the following hepatitis infections is more likely to lead to recovery?
a. super-infection
b. co-infection
b. co-infection
Which of the following infections is most likely to lead to chronic hepatitis?
a. patient has HBV then get HDV on top of it
b. patient gets both HBV & HDV simultaneously
a. patient has HBV then get HDV on top of it
this describes a super-infection
What does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) cause in adults
a. bronchitis
b. bronchiolitis
a. bronchitis
What does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) cause in infants
a. bronchitis
b. bronchiolitis
b. bronchiolitis
Parainfluenza virus causes
a. bronchitis
b. bronchiolitis
b. bronchiolitis
Which of the following viruses causes shipyard eye (aka epidemic keratoconjunctivitis)?
a. adenovirus
b. orthopoxvirus
c. parapoxvirus
a. adenovirus
In which of these can you find a ring or horseshoe-shaped coatings in the teats of the infected cow?
a. cowpox
b. pseudocowpox
b. pseudocowpox
causes milkers nodules
Which TWO of the following are more likely in people who are sun-exposed?
a. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)
b. Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)
c. Merkel cell Polyomavirus (MCV)
a. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)
&
c. Merkel cell Polyomavirus (MCV)
Which of the following enteroviruses dos NOT cause herpangina?
a. Coxsackie A
b. Coxsackie B
c. Echoviruses
d. Polio
d. Polio
Which of the following enteroviruses dos NOT cause hand, food, & mouth disease?
a. Coxsackie A
b. Coxsackie B
c. Echoviruses
d. Polio
d. Polio
Which of the following typically presents as flask-shaped ulcers in the sigmoid colon & rectum?
a. entamoeba histolytica
b. gardia lamba
c. trichomonas vaginalis
a. entamoeba histolytica
Which of the following organisms uptakes bile salts, thus interfering with pancreatic lipase?
a. entamoeba histolytica
b. gardia lamba
c. trichomonas vaginalis
b. gardia lamba
Which of the following organisms has no cystic stage?
a. entamoeba histolytica
b. gardia lamba
c. trichomonas vaginalis
c. trichomonas vaginalis
Which of these has watery diarrhea?
a. cyclospora
b. cryptosporidium
a. cyclospora
Which of the following only shows ring stage cells in peripheral blood?
a. P. vivax
b. P. knowlesi
c. P. ovale
d. P. falciparum
d. P. falciparum
which of the following is a patient with duffy blood group antigen deficiency immune to?
a. P. vivax
b. P. knowlesi
c. P. ovale
d. P. falciparum
a. P. vivax
the parasite need the Duffy blood group antigen to enter
Which of the following is called “Kala Zar” or black fever?
a. cutaneous leishmaniasis
b. visceral leishmaniasis
b. visceral leishmaniasis
Which of the following is detected via scotch tape method?
a. hookworm
b. pinworm
c. roundworm
b. pinworm
Which of the following is does not replicate within humans?
a. hookworm
b. pinworm
c. roundworm
c. roundworm
Which of the following does the larva mature in lymphatics?
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
b. Onchocerca volvulus
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
B= matures in subcutaneous nodules
Which of the following is called elephantiasis?
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
b. Onchocerca volvulus
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
swelling occurs when lymph is blocked
Which of the following is called riverblindness?
a. Wuchereria bancrofti
b. Onchocerca volvulus
b. Onchocerca volvulus