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Foundations of Exercise Science > Exam one study guide > Flashcards

Exam one study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some benefits to humans of being bipedal?

A

can travel long distances, thermoregulation, free hands, do good with long distance running, got a big brain. CAN EFFICIENTLY MOVE

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2
Q

How is WWI a reason why exercise science exists?

A

Many states made a physical education program because all the rich kid’s fitness levels were terrible so it helped exercise science in that regard.

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3
Q

How is Industrialism a reason why exercise science exists?

A

Industrialism led to less physical labor jobs which led to people being more fat and less in shape

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4
Q

What did the harvard laboratory study? HOw many papers were written before it closed?

A

David Bill founded it and it studied exercise physiology, physiology of endurance performance and environmental physiology.

330 scientific papers were published and it closed in 1947

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5
Q

How is Krauss-Weber tests a reason why exercise science exists?

A

It was a test done on kids that revealed how out of shape they were. 58% of US children failed the test

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6
Q

How is PE changes a reason why exercise science exists?

A

In the 20th century PE was just for fun. So they created tests programs to help kids get into and stay in shape

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7
Q

How is Roger Bannister a reason why exercise science exists?

A

first person to run the mile in under 4 minutes
used science to improve his physical performance to get to his goal

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8
Q

Who is kenneth cooper and how did he help the development of exercise science?

A

He founded the Cooper Institute and popularized aerobics. And encouraged many to exercise

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9
Q

Why is the ASCM important?

A
  • helps with P.E. medicine and physiology
  • provides significant public outreach
  • works to shape public policy
  • disseminates scholarly research
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10
Q

When was the ASCM founded?

A

1954

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11
Q

What does ACSM stand for?

A

American College of Sports Medicine

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12
Q

What is the difference between discipline and sub-discipline? (has to do with study)

A

Discipline: A broad field of study that has a central focus with its own body of knowledge

Sub-discipline: A specialized field of interest/study

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13
Q

What are the 5 sub disciplines of exercise science?

A

physiological knowledge
biomechanics knowledge
behavioral knowledge
sports medicine knowledge
social science knowledge

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14
Q

What is exercise physiology?

A

The study of how the human body functions and how it responds or changes when exposed to exercise MOST RECOGNIZED SUB DISCIPLINE

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15
Q

What is sports nutrition?

A

How and what we eat affects human health and fitness

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16
Q

What is sports psychology?

A

The study of cognitive factors that influence sport performance

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17
Q

What components are part of exercise physiology?

A

Metabolic, nervous , endocrine, skeletal muscles, cardiovascular, respiratory, exercise testing, exercise prescription

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18
Q

What is exercise psychology?

A

The study of behavioral factors associated with exercise adherence and positive mental health and exercise

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19
Q

What are biomechanics?

A

the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms (putting stuff on the body to see the skeletal image of it)

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19
Q

What is motor behavior?

A

They study of the neural mechanisms that influence the learning of movement

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20
Q

What is the difference between motor control, motor development, and motor learning?

A

motor control- Processes that highlight the production of neural, physical and behavioral effects of the human nervous system
motor development- Examines changes in both motor control and learning overtime
motor learning-Mechanisms that which the skilled movements are acquired

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21
Q

Why is biomechanics important?

A

Helps us better understand the movement of the body to prevent injuries and stuff

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22
Q

What is sociology in sports medicine?

A

Evaluates the role of organized sport and physical activity

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23
Q

What is athletic training?

A

The prevention of athletic injuries, evaluate athletes, rehab athletes

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24
Q

How have sports and society interacted over history?

A

They have supported healthy lifestyles and promoted social change in health and wellness. You would play in what was socially acceptable during that time period

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25
Q

What factors did society have on sports?

A

Religion. social attitudes, politics, economics, tradition, formed sports and physical activity

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26
Q

What is the difference between health promotion and sports performance?

A

Health promotion: The 5 bases to improve individual and societal levels of fitness

Sports performance: Physiological variables related to performance (unrelated to health and fitness)

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27
Q

What are the variables in Health promotion and sports performance?

A

Health promotion: Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition

Sports performance: speed, strength, power, agility, quickness

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28
Q

Do we have much control over our susceptibility to the chronic diseases that most humans die from? How can we influence them?

A

Yes we do! just by exercising more and eating healthier we can lower our chances of dying from heart diseases and cancer

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29
Q

What is the definition of morbidity and mortality?

A

Morbidity: The relative presence of a particular disease

Mortality: The rate of death in a population.

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30
Q

What is the definition of sport and athletic competition?

A

Movement in structured and organized activities that have a competitive aspect

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30
Q

What is the definition of physical activity?

A

Daily living activities like walking, work, leisure time activities, things you do around the home etc. EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES

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31
Q

What is the definition of Gene Physical Activity Interaction (GPAI)

A

where a person’s genetic makeup can influence how they respond to physical activity

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32
Q

What is the difference between applied and basic research?

A

Basic: You have a specific question but it is a theoretical concept. The goal is to get new knowledge

Applied: You have a specific question and apply what you learned to solve a problem. you work directly with the athlete to improve performance

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33
Q

What is blinding in research?

A

General lack of information to subjects and/or researchers about the treatment group to which subjects belong

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34
Q

What is translation research?

A

to produce more meaningful, applicable results that directly benefit human health

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34
Q

who is interested in performing applied and basic research?

A

Applied: Governments, educators, Physical therapists

Basic: exercise physiologists, researchers, academic people

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35
Q

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?

A

Independent: Conditions manipulated in an experiment

Dependent: things measured that are expected to change in response to the independent variable

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36
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research?

A

Strength: Helps you get large sample numbers

Weakness: You don’t get the personal experience side of things, results could be misinterpreted

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37
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

a research method that involves collecting and analyzing numerical data. USES NUMBERS

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38
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

a type of research that focuses on understanding people’s experiences, perceptions, and behaviors by collecting non-numerical data like text, audio, or video

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39
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of basic research?

A

Strength:it helps expand knowledge to a broad field it helps with long term advancements

Weakness: It lacks practical application, and doesn’t solve specific problems

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40
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of applied research?

A

Strength: It helps solve specific problems right away

Weakness: Cannot be applied broadly for different situations

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41
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Translational research?

A

Strength: Produces results that are helpful for humans

Weakness: Hard to implement these findings, and costs a lot, high fail rates

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42
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research?

A

Strength: Brings deep insight into complex and difficult research

Weakness: researchers can have a bias, and can have a hard time finding a wider population

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43
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

aims to accurately describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon by collecting data to answer “what,” “where,” “when,” and “how” questions

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44
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Need to do an actual experiment or poll to gain the information they are seeking

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45
Q

What is Cross-sectional research?

A

Cutting something in a cross sectional way (like cutting the arm laterally) and studying the findinging in that cross section

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46
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Studying something that you cut longitudinally

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47
Q

What is sequential research?

A

It is adding different types of research onto something you are already researching

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48
Q

What are the 7 steps that you do with the scientific method?

A

design a research study, get a hypothesis, study methodology, data collection, data analysis
interpreting the results, disseminating the findings

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49
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect observation?

A

Direct: Data is collected by watching the participant do the experiment in real time

Indirect: Data is collected when the research participants are recorded (the results are recorded and analyzed later)

50
Q

What are the steps in the general process of Peer-Review in research publication? (6)

A
  1. Discuss
  2. Determine
  3. Prepare
  4. Submit
  5. Evaluate (resubmit if needed)
  6. Wait for publication
50
Q

What is evidence based practice?

A

Where you make decisions in healthcare based on the best evidence, clinical experience, and patient expectations

51
Q

What determines whether a cell is a target for a hormone?

A

If it contains functional receptors for that hormone

52
Q

What do systems of the body respond to? (6 things)

A
  1. Physical activity
  2. regular exercise
  3. Stress
  4. Changes in nutritional intake
  5. extreme environmental conditions
  6. Diseases
53
Q

How do we get energy?

A

From the breakdown of stored resources that we have in our body (carbs and fats)

54
Q

What are the ways that muscles can make ATP? (3)

A
  1. Phosphagen
  2. Glycolytic
  3. Oxidative
55
Q

What are the 2 anaerobic pathways for energy?

A
  1. Phosphagen
  2. Glycolytic (lactate)
56
Q

Describe some characteristics of the two anaerobic pathways

A
  • Less energy available, fast energy release
  • does not require oxygen
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
57
Q

Describe the phosphagen pathway?

A

take ADP and adds a phosphate group to make ATP

57
Q

Describe glycolytic (lactate forming)

A

Requires more steps and involved the partial breakdown of glucose to make ATP. NOT USEFUL FOR PROLONGED EXERCISE

58
Q

What is the role of creatine phosphate?

A

It is a molecule stored in muscles that rapidly converts ADP to ATP

59
Q

What is the one aerobic pathway?

A

Oxidative

60
Q

What are our primary fuels for our body?

A

Carbs, and fats

61
Q

What two cycles are associated with the aerobic oxidative pathway? And explain them

A

Glycolysis and krebs cycle.

They break down glucose and fatty acids with the help of the electron transport chain to produce ATP

62
Q

What is part of the nervous system? And what is part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nervous system- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- All neurons that transmit information to and from the spinal cord

63
Q

how much ATP is produced in aerobic and anaerobic systems?

A

Aerobic 36-38 (the real number is 30-32

Anaerobic (2 ATP per glucose molecule)

63
Q

What pathways are used for sprinting and endurance? And
what do they increase? (anaerobic or aerobic)

A

Anaerobic- sprints (increases the cells ability to produce energy from the phosphagen and glycolytic pathways)
aerobic- endurance (it increases the ability to synthesize ATP via Oxidation)

64
Q

At what intensity of exercise will most people
burn the most fat?

A

At 10-20% intensity SO LOW INTENSITY

65
Q

What fuel will be used primarily for short duration exercise and long-duration exercise?

A

Short- Carbs
Long- Fats

66
Q

What is GLUT 4?

A

a glucose transporter protein that is primarily responsible for transporting glucose into muscle and fat cells in response to insulin

67
Q

What is the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?

A

Parasympathetic- Housekeeping of the body, slows stuff down

Sympathetic- Activated during acute stress like exercise

67
Q

What are the characteristics of metabolic syndrome?

A

abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood triglycerides, low levels of HDL cholesterol and insulin resistance.

68
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nerves?

A

sensory info, light, tast,, touch, sound
Autonomic- Involuntary motor movement split into parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Does pressure, chemical changes, heart, lungs, organs, blood vessels

69
Q

What are some examples of parasympathetic and sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic- reduces heart rate
Sympathetic- Increases heart rate

70
Q

How long can you sprint for using glycolytic and phosphagen anaerobic pathways?

A

Glycolytic- 30 sec- 1 minute

phosphagen- 10-20 sec

71
Q

How does strength training and endurance training effect the nervous system?

A

Strength training- It builds up more skeletal muscle and more muscle fibers. Increases the somatic nerves

Endurance- It can reduce the effect that the sympathetic nervous system has on the body (doesn’t increase heart rate as much or often)

72
Q

What is the function of the muscular system? And what is the muscular system made out of?

A

To provide movement, made out of muscle fibers

73
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
73
Q

Can exercise alter somatic and autonomic nerves?

A

YES

73
Q

What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

74
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Structure of the body
Protects organs and tissues
stores minerals

74
Q

What are the functions of cardiovascular system?

A

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc.
Removes waste products from the body

75
Q

What is the skeletal system made out of?

A

Minerals and cells, Bones

76
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: Moving air in and out of lungs, regulation of acid-base balance

Components: lungs

77
Q

What are the functions and components of the respiratory system? And what is the important factor it has on exercise?

A

Funcitions: Moving air into and out of the lungs, regulates acid-base balance

Components: Lung

Factor: ability to exhale CO2 and regulate blood pH levels

78
Q

What are the functions of the Urinary system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: eliminates waste products, regulation of fluid volume and electrolyte composition

Components: Kidney

79
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: transfer of nutrients and water from the food we consume into the body

Components: GI tract

79
Q

What is hypertension influenced by?

A

The increasing amount of fluid removed by the kidneys due to exercise

80
Q

What are the functions of the Endocrine system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body (secretes hormones)

Components: Endocrine glands

81
Q

What does gastric emptying allow?

A

It allows glucose absorption during exercise and it occurs best at 6%

82
Q

What happens when we develop insulin resistance?

A

It leads to metabolic syndrome (a disease)

83
Q

What does the pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, and pancreas secrete? And explain what the hormone does.

A

pituitary gland- Growth hormone (it influences fuel use with exercise and aids in recovery)
Adrenal gland- Aldosterone, epinephrine (medulla), and norepinephrine
pancreas secrete- Insulin (it increases blood glucose levels), secretes glucagon (that lowers blood glucose levels)

84
Q

Where do glands secrete hormones to?

A

The blood then to their target organs and they bind to their receptors

85
Q

What determines whether a cell is a target for a hormone?

A

If it contains functional receptors for that hormone

86
Q

How do you get stronger without gaining more mass?

A

By activating more motor units

87
Q

How does the endocrine system respond to endurance and resistance training?

A

Endurance: Reduce the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Resistance: Influences the body’s response to the hormones testosterone and insulin to grow

88
Q

What is the primary function of the immune system and its components?

A

Function: Regulation, recovery from infection, abnormal tissue growth and illness

Components: Physical, mechanical, chemical, blood, and cellular factors

89
Q

How can physical activity help the immune system?

A

It helps the body maintain health and reduce the risk of certain disease conditions

90
Q

What is the primary function of the energy system and its components?

A

Functions: provide energy during rest and exercise

Components: enzymes and energy sources within the cells

91
Q

What is a motor units function?

A

it generates muscle contraction, produces force and is responsible for motor control

92
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic exercise?

A

Acute: exercise is performed irregularly for a short period DONE ONCE.

Chronic: Regular consistent exercise is done (long or short periods of time)

93
Q

Insulin activates which glucose transporter?

A

GLUT 4

93
Q

What is the differences in acute and chronic exercise responses?

A

Acute responses are immediate reactions to exercise like increased heart rate and breathing.

Chronic responses are adaptations the body undergoes to better handle the stress of consistent physical activity.

94
Q

Which type of exercise changes the
nature of your body Acute or Chronic?

A

Chronic exercise

95
Q

Will exercise help manage glycemia
in those who can’t respond to insulin or who don’t make insulin?

A

YES even just walking for 30 seconds can help. It improves insulin sensitivity

96
Q

In which portion of your body does insulin cause the majority of excess blood sugar, after a meal, to be stored?

A

The liver

97
Q

Can just a little physical activity after a meal lower our blood glucose and insulin levels during the next two hours after a meal?

A

YES IT CAN just simply walking can lower the levels it is amazing. The muscles use glucose to energize them to do the activity

98
Q

What is the difference between active and inactive communities?

A

Active communities: offer more opportunities for recreation and physical activity (have bike lanes and other things)

Inactive communities: Inactive communities do not have a lot of opportunities for recreation and physical activity

99
Q

What are the factors that affect strength development? (7)

A
  1. Fitness level
  2. Exercise intensity
  3. Exercise frequency
  4. Duration of exercise training
  5. types of exercises selected
  6. Total amount of work performed
  7. Age and gender
100
Q

What are the factors that affect exercise in the cold? (6)

A

1.Health status and age of the individual
2. Acclimatization to the environmental conditions
3. Anthropometric factors such as body composition
4. Exercise intensity
5. Type and amount of clothing worn
6. Environmental conditions

100
Q

What are the factors that affect energy intake and expenditure? (6)

A
  1. Physical living and work environment
  2. Genetic profile
  3. Socioeconomic status
  4. Psychological state
  5. Physical activity and exercise patterns
  6. Availability and selection of macronutrient intake
101
Q

What are the factors that affect exercise in the heat? (6)

A
  1. environmental temperature and humidity
  2. fitness level
  3. use of medications and supplements
  4. acclimatization to the environmental conditions
  5. hydration status
  6. Exercise intensity and duration
  7. Type and amount of clothing worn
102
Q

What causes low energy availability, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis in the female athlete triad?

A

Reduced energy levels due to a eating disorder or not, Low BMD, and subclinical menstrual disorders

103
Q

What happens when you have optimal energy levels in the female athlete triad?

A

Eumenorrhea and optimal bone health

104
Q

What are the pros and cons of physical Activity Assessment Methods in general?

A

Pros: Promotes weight loss and identifies the fitness requirement for a job skill

Cons: They are indirect and expend a lot of energy

104
Q

What is the female athlete triad?

A

Making sure that female athletes are fueled properly and have the right amount of fat and stuff to do their sport

105
Q

What are pros of Pedometers and accelerometers physical activity assessment ?

A

Pros: Inexpensive allows for free movement

105
Q

What are cons of Respiratory gas exchange physical activity assessment ?

A

Cons: expensive limited to the lab

105
Q

What are pros and cons of muscle biopsy physical activity assessment ?

A

Pro: very invasive

Con: limited to small numbers of subjects

106
Q

What are pros of physical activity questionnaires physical activity assessment ?

A

pros: inexpensive can be used on large numbers of people

106
Q

What are cons of Doubly labeled water physical activity assessment ?

A

Cons: very expensive only in the lab and small amount of people can do it

107
Q

What is glycemia?

A

Glucose that is found in the blood (glucose levels are too high in the blood)

108
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

When cells in your body (GLUT4) don’t respond properly as they should to insulin

109
Q

What is type II diabetes?

A

It is where your pancreas makes less insulin and your body develops insulin resistance

110
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

As you get older you lose muscle mass and strength

111
Q

What is osteoprosis?

A

Where bone mineral density and bone mass decreases or when the quality and the structure of the bone changes (become weak and brittle)

112
Q

What is wolff’s law?

A

It is the idea that natural healthy bones will adapt and change and adapt to the stress that it has to handle

Foundations of Exercise Science (12 decks)

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