Exam one study guide Flashcards
1
Q
What are some benefits to humans of being bipedal?
A
can travel long distances, thermoregulation, free hands, do good with long distance running, got a big brain. CAN EFFICIENTLY MOVE
2
Q
How is WWI a reason why exercise science exists?
A
Many states made a physical education program because all the rich kid’s fitness levels were terrible so it helped exercise science in that regard.
3
Q
How is Industrialism a reason why exercise science exists?
A
Industrialism led to less physical labor jobs which led to people being more fat and less in shape
4
Q
What did the harvard laboratory study? HOw many papers were written before it closed?
A
David Bill founded it and it studied exercise physiology, physiology of endurance performance and environmental physiology.
330 scientific papers were published and it closed in 1947
5
Q
How is Krauss-Weber tests a reason why exercise science exists?
A
It was a test done on kids that revealed how out of shape they were. 58% of US children failed the test
6
Q
How is PE changes a reason why exercise science exists?
A
In the 20th century PE was just for fun. So they created tests programs to help kids get into and stay in shape
7
Q
How is Roger Bannister a reason why exercise science exists?
A
first person to run the mile in under 4 minutes
used science to improve his physical performance to get to his goal
8
Q
Who is kenneth cooper and how did he help the development of exercise science?
A
He founded the Cooper Institute and popularized aerobics. And encouraged many to exercise
9
Q
Why is the ASCM important?
A
- helps with P.E. medicine and physiology
- provides significant public outreach
- works to shape public policy
- disseminates scholarly research
10
Q
When was the ASCM founded?
A
1954
11
Q
What does ACSM stand for?
A
American College of Sports Medicine
12
Q
What is the difference between discipline and sub-discipline? (has to do with study)
A
Discipline: A broad field of study that has a central focus with its own body of knowledge
Sub-discipline: A specialized field of interest/study
13
Q
What are the 5 sub disciplines of exercise science?
A
physiological knowledge
biomechanics knowledge
behavioral knowledge
sports medicine knowledge
social science knowledge
14
Q
What is exercise physiology?
A
The study of how the human body functions and how it responds or changes when exposed to exercise MOST RECOGNIZED SUB DISCIPLINE
15
Q
What is sports nutrition?
A
How and what we eat affects human health and fitness
16
Q
What is sports psychology?
A
The study of cognitive factors that influence sport performance
17
Q
What components are part of exercise physiology?
A
Metabolic, nervous , endocrine, skeletal muscles, cardiovascular, respiratory, exercise testing, exercise prescription
18
Q
What is exercise psychology?
A
The study of behavioral factors associated with exercise adherence and positive mental health and exercise
19
Q
What are biomechanics?
A
the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms (putting stuff on the body to see the skeletal image of it)
19
Q
What is motor behavior?
A
They study of the neural mechanisms that influence the learning of movement
20
Q
What is the difference between motor control, motor development, and motor learning?
A
motor control- Processes that highlight the production of neural, physical and behavioral effects of the human nervous system
motor development- Examines changes in both motor control and learning overtime
motor learning-Mechanisms that which the skilled movements are acquired
21
Q
Why is biomechanics important?
A
Helps us better understand the movement of the body to prevent injuries and stuff
22
Q
What is sociology in sports medicine?
A
Evaluates the role of organized sport and physical activity
23
Q
What is athletic training?
A
The prevention of athletic injuries, evaluate athletes, rehab athletes
24
How have sports and society interacted over history?
They have supported healthy lifestyles and promoted social change in health and wellness. You would play in what was socially acceptable during that time period
25
What factors did society have on sports?
Religion. social attitudes, politics, economics, tradition, formed sports and physical activity
26
What is the difference between health promotion and sports performance?
Health promotion: The 5 bases to improve individual and societal levels of fitness
Sports performance: Physiological variables related to performance (unrelated to health and fitness)
27
What are the variables in Health promotion and sports performance?
Health promotion: Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition
Sports performance: speed, strength, power, agility, quickness
28
Do we have much control over our susceptibility to the chronic diseases that most humans die from? How can we influence them?
Yes we do! just by exercising more and eating healthier we can lower our chances of dying from heart diseases and cancer
29
What is the definition of morbidity and mortality?
Morbidity: The relative presence of a particular disease
Mortality: The rate of death in a population.
30
What is the definition of sport and athletic competition?
Movement in structured and organized activities that have a competitive aspect
30
What is the definition of physical activity?
Daily living activities like walking, work, leisure time activities, things you do around the home etc. EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES
31
What is the definition of Gene Physical Activity Interaction (GPAI)
where a person's genetic makeup can influence how they respond to physical activity
32
What is the difference between applied and basic research?
Basic: You have a specific question but it is a theoretical concept. The goal is to get new knowledge
Applied: You have a specific question and apply what you learned to solve a problem. you work directly with the athlete to improve performance
33
What is blinding in research?
General lack of information to subjects and/or researchers about the treatment group to which subjects belong
34
What is translation research?
to produce more meaningful, applicable results that directly benefit human health
34
who is interested in performing applied and basic research?
Applied: Governments, educators, Physical therapists
Basic: exercise physiologists, researchers, academic people
35
What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?
Independent: Conditions manipulated in an experiment
Dependent: things measured that are expected to change in response to the independent variable
36
What are the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research?
Strength: Helps you get large sample numbers
Weakness: You don't get the personal experience side of things, results could be misinterpreted
37
What is quantitative research?
a research method that involves collecting and analyzing numerical data. USES NUMBERS
38
What is qualitative research?
a type of research that focuses on understanding people's experiences, perceptions, and behaviors by collecting non-numerical data like text, audio, or video
39
What are the strengths and weaknesses of basic research?
Strength:it helps expand knowledge to a broad field it helps with long term advancements
Weakness: It lacks practical application, and doesn't solve specific problems
40
What are the strengths and weaknesses of applied research?
Strength: It helps solve specific problems right away
Weakness: Cannot be applied broadly for different situations
41
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Translational research?
Strength: Produces results that are helpful for humans
Weakness: Hard to implement these findings, and costs a lot, high fail rates
42
What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research?
Strength: Brings deep insight into complex and difficult research
Weakness: researchers can have a bias, and can have a hard time finding a wider population
43
What is descriptive research?
aims to accurately describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon by collecting data to answer "what," "where," "when," and "how" questions
44
What is experimental research?
Need to do an actual experiment or poll to gain the information they are seeking
45
What is Cross-sectional research?
Cutting something in a cross sectional way (like cutting the arm laterally) and studying the findinging in that cross section
46
What is longitudinal research?
Studying something that you cut longitudinally
47
What is sequential research?
It is adding different types of research onto something you are already researching
48
What are the 7 steps that you do with the scientific method?
design a research study, get a hypothesis, study methodology, data collection, data analysis
interpreting the results, disseminating the findings
49
What is the difference between direct and indirect observation?
Direct: Data is collected by watching the participant do the experiment in real time
Indirect: Data is collected when the research participants are recorded (the results are recorded and analyzed later)
50
What are the steps in the general process of Peer-Review in research publication? (6)
1. Discuss
2. Determine
3. Prepare
4. Submit
5. Evaluate (resubmit if needed)
6. Wait for publication
50
What is evidence based practice?
Where you make decisions in healthcare based on the best evidence, clinical experience, and patient expectations
51
What determines whether a cell is a target for a hormone?
If it contains functional receptors for that hormone
52
What do systems of the body respond to? (6 things)
1. Physical activity
2. regular exercise
3. Stress
4. Changes in nutritional intake
5. extreme environmental conditions
6. Diseases
53
How do we get energy?
From the breakdown of stored resources that we have in our body (carbs and fats)
54
What are the ways that muscles can make ATP? (3)
1. Phosphagen
2. Glycolytic
3. Oxidative
55
What are the 2 anaerobic pathways for energy?
1. Phosphagen
2. Glycolytic (lactate)
56
Describe some characteristics of the two anaerobic pathways
- Less energy available, fast energy release
- does not require oxygen
- occurs in the cytoplasm
57
Describe the phosphagen pathway?
take ADP and adds a phosphate group to make ATP
57
Describe glycolytic (lactate forming)
Requires more steps and involved the partial breakdown of glucose to make ATP. NOT USEFUL FOR PROLONGED EXERCISE
58
What is the role of creatine phosphate?
It is a molecule stored in muscles that rapidly converts ADP to ATP
59
What is the one aerobic pathway?
Oxidative
60
What are our primary fuels for our body?
Carbs, and fats
61
What two cycles are associated with the aerobic oxidative pathway? And explain them
Glycolysis and krebs cycle.
They break down glucose and fatty acids with the help of the electron transport chain to produce ATP
62
What is part of the nervous system? And what is part of the peripheral nervous system?
Nervous system- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- All neurons that transmit information to and from the spinal cord
63
how much ATP is produced in aerobic and anaerobic systems?
Aerobic 36-38 (the real number is 30-32
Anaerobic (2 ATP per glucose molecule)
63
What pathways are used for sprinting and endurance? And
what do they increase? (anaerobic or aerobic)
Anaerobic- sprints (increases the cells ability to produce energy from the phosphagen and glycolytic pathways)
aerobic- endurance (it increases the ability to synthesize ATP via Oxidation)
64
At what intensity of exercise will most people
burn the most fat?
At 10-20% intensity SO LOW INTENSITY
65
What fuel will be used primarily for short duration exercise and long-duration exercise?
Short- Carbs
Long- Fats
66
What is GLUT 4?
a glucose transporter protein that is primarily responsible for transporting glucose into muscle and fat cells in response to insulin
67
What is the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?
Parasympathetic- Housekeeping of the body, slows stuff down
Sympathetic- Activated during acute stress like exercise
67
What are the characteristics of metabolic syndrome?
abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood triglycerides, low levels of HDL cholesterol and insulin resistance.
68
What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nerves?
sensory info, light, tast,, touch, sound
Autonomic- Involuntary motor movement split into parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Does pressure, chemical changes, heart, lungs, organs, blood vessels
69
What are some examples of parasympathetic and sympathetic?
Parasympathetic- reduces heart rate
Sympathetic- Increases heart rate
70
How long can you sprint for using glycolytic and phosphagen anaerobic pathways?
Glycolytic- 30 sec- 1 minute
phosphagen- 10-20 sec
71
How does strength training and endurance training effect the nervous system?
Strength training- It builds up more skeletal muscle and more muscle fibers. Increases the somatic nerves
Endurance- It can reduce the effect that the sympathetic nervous system has on the body (doesn't increase heart rate as much or often)
72
What is the function of the muscular system? And what is the muscular system made out of?
To provide movement, made out of muscle fibers
73
What are the 3 different types of muscle?
1. Skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth
73
Can exercise alter somatic and autonomic nerves?
YES
73
What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
74
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Structure of the body
Protects organs and tissues
stores minerals
74
What are the functions of cardiovascular system?
Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc.
Removes waste products from the body
75
What is the skeletal system made out of?
Minerals and cells, Bones
76
What are the functions of the respiratory system? And what are the components?
Functions: Moving air in and out of lungs, regulation of acid-base balance
Components: lungs
77
What are the functions and components of the respiratory system? And what is the important factor it has on exercise?
Funcitions: Moving air into and out of the lungs, regulates acid-base balance
Components: Lung
Factor: ability to exhale CO2 and regulate blood pH levels
78
What are the functions of the Urinary system? And what are the components?
Functions: eliminates waste products, regulation of fluid volume and electrolyte composition
Components: Kidney
79
What are the functions of the Digestive system? And what are the components?
Functions: transfer of nutrients and water from the food we consume into the body
Components: GI tract
79
What is hypertension influenced by?
The increasing amount of fluid removed by the kidneys due to exercise
80
What are the functions of the Endocrine system? And what are the components?
Functions: regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body (secretes hormones)
Components: Endocrine glands
81
What does gastric emptying allow?
It allows glucose absorption during exercise and it occurs best at 6%
82
What happens when we develop insulin resistance?
It leads to metabolic syndrome (a disease)
83
What does the pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, and pancreas secrete? And explain what the hormone does.
pituitary gland- Growth hormone (it influences fuel use with exercise and aids in recovery)
Adrenal gland- Aldosterone, epinephrine (medulla), and norepinephrine
pancreas secrete- Insulin (it increases blood glucose levels), secretes glucagon (that lowers blood glucose levels)
84
Where do glands secrete hormones to?
The blood then to their target organs and they bind to their receptors
85
What determines whether a cell is a target for a hormone?
If it contains functional receptors for that hormone
86
How do you get stronger without gaining more mass?
By activating more motor units
87
How does the endocrine system respond to endurance and resistance training?
Endurance: Reduce the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Resistance: Influences the body's response to the hormones testosterone and insulin to grow
88
What is the primary function of the immune system and its components?
Function: Regulation, recovery from infection, abnormal tissue growth and illness
Components: Physical, mechanical, chemical, blood, and cellular factors
89
How can physical activity help the immune system?
It helps the body maintain health and reduce the risk of certain disease conditions
90
What is the primary function of the energy system and its components?
Functions: provide energy during rest and exercise
Components: enzymes and energy sources within the cells
91
What is a motor units function?
it generates muscle contraction, produces force and is responsible for motor control
92
What is the difference between acute and chronic exercise?
Acute: exercise is performed irregularly for a short period DONE ONCE.
Chronic: Regular consistent exercise is done (long or short periods of time)
93
Insulin activates which glucose transporter?
GLUT 4
93
What is the differences in acute and chronic exercise responses?
Acute responses are immediate reactions to exercise like increased heart rate and breathing.
Chronic responses are adaptations the body undergoes to better handle the stress of consistent physical activity.
94
Which type of exercise changes the
nature of your body Acute or Chronic?
Chronic exercise
95
Will exercise help manage glycemia
in those who can’t respond to insulin or who don’t make insulin?
YES even just walking for 30 seconds can help. It improves insulin sensitivity
96
In which portion of your body does insulin cause the majority of excess blood sugar, after a meal, to be stored?
The liver
97
Can just a little physical activity after a meal lower our blood glucose and insulin levels during the next two hours after a meal?
YES IT CAN just simply walking can lower the levels it is amazing. The muscles use glucose to energize them to do the activity
98
What is the difference between active and inactive communities?
Active communities: offer more opportunities for recreation and physical activity (have bike lanes and other things)
Inactive communities: Inactive communities do not have a lot of opportunities for recreation and physical activity
99
What are the factors that affect strength development? (7)
1. Fitness level
2. Exercise intensity
3. Exercise frequency
4. Duration of exercise training
5. types of exercises selected
6. Total amount of work performed
7. Age and gender
100
What are the factors that affect exercise in the cold? (6)
1.Health status and age of the individual
2. Acclimatization to the environmental conditions
3. Anthropometric factors such as body composition
4. Exercise intensity
5. Type and amount of clothing worn
6. Environmental conditions
100
What are the factors that affect energy intake and expenditure? (6)
1. Physical living and work environment
2. Genetic profile
3. Socioeconomic status
4. Psychological state
5. Physical activity and exercise patterns
6. Availability and selection of macronutrient intake
101
What are the factors that affect exercise in the heat? (6)
1. environmental temperature and humidity
2. fitness level
3. use of medications and supplements
4. acclimatization to the environmental conditions
5. hydration status
6. Exercise intensity and duration
7. Type and amount of clothing worn
102
What causes low energy availability, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis in the female athlete triad?
Reduced energy levels due to a eating disorder or not, Low BMD, and subclinical menstrual disorders
103
What happens when you have optimal energy levels in the female athlete triad?
Eumenorrhea and optimal bone health
104
What are the pros and cons of physical Activity Assessment Methods in general?
Pros: Promotes weight loss and identifies the fitness requirement for a job skill
Cons: They are indirect and expend a lot of energy
104
What is the female athlete triad?
Making sure that female athletes are fueled properly and have the right amount of fat and stuff to do their sport
105
What are pros of Pedometers and accelerometers physical activity assessment ?
Pros: Inexpensive allows for free movement
105
What are cons of Respiratory gas exchange physical activity assessment ?
Cons: expensive limited to the lab
105
What are pros and cons of muscle biopsy physical activity assessment ?
Pro: very invasive
Con: limited to small numbers of subjects
106
What are pros of physical activity questionnaires physical activity assessment ?
pros: inexpensive can be used on large numbers of people
106
What are cons of Doubly labeled water physical activity assessment ?
Cons: very expensive only in the lab and small amount of people can do it
107
What is glycemia?
Glucose that is found in the blood (glucose levels are too high in the blood)
108
What is insulin resistance?
When cells in your body (GLUT4) don't respond properly as they should to insulin
109
What is type II diabetes?
It is where your pancreas makes less insulin and your body develops insulin resistance
110
What is sarcopenia?
As you get older you lose muscle mass and strength
111
What is osteoprosis?
Where bone mineral density and bone mass decreases or when the quality and the structure of the bone changes (become weak and brittle)
112
What is wolff's law?
It is the idea that natural healthy bones will adapt and change and adapt to the stress that it has to handle
