Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards
What is the definition for the word exercise?
The participation in some form of physical activity with the purpose to improve or maintain health
What is the definition of science?
A structured inquiry of study
What is the definition of exercise science?
The study of how the human body responds to exercise of physical activity
What are exercise scientists?
Those that study the relationship of exercise to physical health and sport performance
What is the definition of physical activity?
Activities of daily living including all movement that humans perform
What is the definition of sports and athletic competition?
Movement in structure and organized activities that involve a competitive aspect
What happens if we are not physically active?
We get early morbidity and premature mortality
Why is physical activity and exercise important?
Because it promotes good health
What group of people influenced much of our modern day research?
Ancient olympics in greece
What is the story of pheidippides?
YOU KNOW IT ABOUT RUNNING 200 MILES
What did seguin and lavoisier study?
Oxygen at rest and exercise
What/who were the early influences on exercise science?
Greeks and romans
renaissance period
era of enlightenment
19th century
What/who are the recent influences on exercise science?
Physical education
harvard fatigue laboratory
Krauss-weber test results
Professional associations
Explain the harvard fatigue laboratory
Started by david B Dill, ir published 330 scientific papers, and did a lot with exercise physiology, physiology of endurance performance and environment physiology
When did people start studying environmental stresses, and aerobics?
Environmental stress- 1960
Aerobics- 1970
Explain the human physiology lab at indiana
Started by Sid Robinson one of Dr Dill’s students, and studied the effects of aging on the heart and lungs
Why is the man bannister so important?
He was the first person to run a sub four minute mile
When was the ASCM founded?
1954
What is discipline?
A field of study that has a central focus with its own body of knowledge
Why is the ASCM important?
helps with P.E. medicine and physiology
- provides significant public outreach
- works to shape public policy
- disseminates scholarly research
What is sub disciplines?
Specialized areas of interest
What is sports nutrition?
How and what we eat affects human health and fitness
What is exercise physiology?
The study of how the human body functions and how it responds or changes when exposed to exercise
What is sports psychology?
The study of cognitive factors that influence sport performance
What is exercise psychology?
The study of behavioral factors associated with exercise adherence and positive mental health and exercise
What is motor behavior?
They study of the neural mechanisms that influence the learning of movement
What is the difference between motor control, motor development, and motor learning?
motor control- Processes that highlight the production of neural, physical and behavioral effects of the human nervous system
motor development- Examines changes in both motor control and learning overtime
motor learning-Mechanisms that which the skilled movements are acquired
What are biomechanics?
the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms (putting stuff on the body to see the skeletal image of it)
Why is biomechanics important?
Helps us better understand the movement of the body to prevent injuries and stuff
What is athletic training?
The prevention of athletic injuries, evaluate athletes, rehab athletes
What is sociology in sports medicine?
Evaluates the role of organized sport and physical activity
What is sport history?
Exam religion, social attitudes, politics, that influence sports and physical activity
What is sporte performance?
Things that are related only to sports not overall health and fitness (like speed, agility, power, etc.)
What are the 5 things that promotes health?
- cardiorespiratory endurance
- muscular strength
- Muscle endurance
- Flexibility
- Body composition
What is basic research?
It asks a specific research question and is the cornerstone for knowledge
What is applied research?
You have a specific question but apply what you learned to solve a problem
What is qualitative research?
Uses words to explain the research
What is quantitate research?
Uses numbers to explain the research
What is descriptive research?
You are describing something in your research
What is translational research?
It is when you get the research to get it out and applied to the real world sooner rather than later
What is experimental research?
Need to do an actual experiment or poll
What is Cross-sectional research?
Cutting something in a cross sectional way (like cutting the arm laterally) and studying the findinging in that cross section
What is longitudinal research?
Studying something that you cut longitudinally
What is sequential research?
It is adding different types of research onto something you are already researching
What is blinding in research?
General lack of information to subjects and/or researchers about the treatment group to which subjects belong
What do systems of the body respond to? (6 things)
- Physical activity
- regular exercise
- Stress
- Changes in nutritional intake
- extreme environmental conditions
- Diseases
How do we get energy?
From the breakdown of stored resources that we have in our body (carbs and fats)
What are the ways that muscles can make ATP? (3)
- Phosphagen
- Glycolytic
- Oxidative
What are the 2 anaerobic pathways for energy?
- Phosphagen
- Glycolytic (lactate)
Describe some characteristics of the two anaerobic pathways
- Less energy available, fast energy release
- does not require oxygen
- occurs in the cytoplasm
What is the one aerobic pathway?
Oxidative
Which one of the anaerobic pathways is not good for prolonged exercise?
Glycolytic (lactate)
Describe some characteristics of the oxidative pathway
- occurs in the mitochondria
- requires oxygen
- complete breakdown of fuel molecules
- provides energy for endurance
- more energy slower release
What is part of the nervous system? And what is part of the peripheral nervous system?
Nervous system- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- All neurons that transmit information to and from the spinal cord
What two cycles are associated with the aerobic oxidative pathway? And explain them
Glycolysis and krebs cycle.
They break down glucose and fatty acids with the help of the electron transport chain to produce ATP
What pathways are used for sprinting and endurance? And
what do they increase? (anaerobic or aerobic)
Anaerobic- sprints (increases the cells ability to produce energy from the phosphagen and glycolytic pathways)
aerobic- endurance (it increases the ability to synthesize ATP via Oxidation)
What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nerves?
Somatic- Voluntary motor movement, skeletal muscles, sensory info, light, tast,, touch, sound
Autonomic- Involuntary motor movement split into parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Does pressure, chemical changes, heart, lungs, organs, blood vessels
What is the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?
Parasympathetic- Housekeeping of the body, slows stuff down
Sympathetic- Activated during acute stress like exercise
What are some examples of parasympathetic and sympathetic?
Parasympathetic- reduces heart rate
Sympathetic- Increases heart rate
How long can you sprint for using glycolytic and phosphagen anaerobic pathways?
Glycolytic- 30 sec- 1 minute
phosphagen- 10-20 sec
How does strength training and endurance training effect the nervous system?
Strength training- It builds up more skeletal muscle and more muscle fibers. Increases the somatic nerves
Endurance- It can reduce the effect that the sympathetic nervous system has on the body (doesn’t increase heart rate as much or often)
What is the function of the muscular system? And what is the muscular system made out of?
To provide movement, made out of muscle fibers
Can exercise alter somatic and autonomic nerves?
YES
What are the 3 different types of muscle?
- Skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
What happens in the phosphagen and glycolytic pathway?
Phosphagen- the phosphate molecule it transferred to ADP to make ATP
Glycolytic- forms lactate, partially breaks down glucose to produce ATP
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Structure of the body
Protects organs and tissues
stores minerals
What is the skeletal system made out of?
Minerals and cells, Bones
What are the functions of cardiovascular system?
Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc.
Removes waste products from the body
What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
What are the functions of the respiratory system? And what are the components?
Functions: Moving air in and out of lungs, regulation of acid-base balance
Components: lungs
What are the functions of the Urinary system? And what are the components?
Functions: eliminates waste products, regulation of fluid volume and electrolyte composition
Components: Kidney
What is hypertension influenced by?
The increasing amount of fluid removed by the kidneys
What are the functions of the Digestive system? And what are the components?
Functions: transfer of nutrients and water from the food we consume into the body
Components: GI tract
What does gastric emptying allow?
It allows glucose absorption during exercise
What are the functions of the Endocrine system? And what are the components?
Functions: regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body
Components: Endocrine glands
What happens when we develop insulin resistance?
It leads to metabolic syndrome (a disease)
Where do glands secrete hormones to?
The blood then to their target organs and they bind to their receptors
What determines whether a cell is a target for a hormone?
If it contains functional receptors for that hormone
What does the pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, and pancreas secrete? And explain what the hormone does.
pituitary gland- Growth hormone (it influences fuel use with exercise and aids in recovery)
Adrenal gland- Aldosterone, epinephrine (medulla), and norepinephrine
pancreas secrete- Insulin (it increases blood glucose levels), secretes glucagon (that lowers blood glucose levels)
How do you get stronger without gaining more mass?
By activating more motor units
How does the endocrine system respond to endurance and resistance training?
Endurance: Reduce the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Resistance: Influences the body’s response to the hormones testosterone and insulin to grow
What is the primary function of the immune system and its components?
Function: Regulation, recovery from infection, abnormal tissue growth and illness
Components: Physical, mechanical, chemical, blood, and cellular factors
How can physical activity help the immune system?
It helps the body maintain health and reduce the risk of certain disease conditions
What is the primary function of the energy system and its components?
Functions: provide energy during rest and exercise
Components: enzymes and energy sources within the cells
When do we use carbs for energy?
During shorter more intense periods of activity
When do we use fats for energy?
When we do longer and less intense periods of activity
Explain the harvard fatigue laboratory 1927
They established to study physiologic, psychological and sociological responses of workers to stressful stimuli
What are some key events in formation of exercise physiology?
The kraus-weber test (the P.E. testing for kids)
Competition between the US and soviets to get a man into space
What are acute responses in exercise physiology?
Changes that occur immediately before, during, or after exercise.
What are chronic adaptations in exercise physiology?
Changes that your body goes through overtime with regular exercise
Explain factors controlling substrate metabolism in areas of study in exercise physiology?
- Interaction of fat and carbs utilization
- Effects of intensity and duration
- role of enzymes and hormones
Explain muscle control of glucose uptake in areas of study in exercise physiology?
Regulates energy utilization during physical activity and exercise.
Movement of glucose from the blood into the cell
Explain skeletal muscle physiology in areas of study in exercise physiology?
Fibers have distinct contractile and metabolic characteristics. for certain physical activities or exercise
Explain Bone metabolism in areas of study in exercise physiology?
Influenced by physical activity and exercise.
Osteoporosis
Explain energy balance and weight control in areas of study in exercise physiology?
Promotes overall good health and optimizing performance in certain sports
Explain assessment of energy expenditure and physical activity in areas of study in exercise physiology?
It is critical for promoting weight loss.
Most assessments of energy expenditure are indirect
Explain environmental exercise in areas of study in exercise physiology?
It ensures safety and optimizing performance in challenging environments
How can diabetics control blood glucose with exercise?
Short spurts of exercise reduce insulin and glucose
What is GLUT 4?
It is the enzyme that transports glucose into the cell. It is activated by glucose and insulin. Helps with glucose homeostasis
