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Foundations of Exercise Science > Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition for the word exercise?

A

The participation in some form of physical activity with the purpose to improve or maintain health

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2
Q

What is the definition of science?

A

A structured inquiry of study

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3
Q

What is the definition of exercise science?

A

The study of how the human body responds to exercise of physical activity

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4
Q

What are exercise scientists?

A

Those that study the relationship of exercise to physical health and sport performance

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5
Q

What is the definition of physical activity?

A

Activities of daily living including all movement that humans perform

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6
Q

What is the definition of sports and athletic competition?

A

Movement in structure and organized activities that involve a competitive aspect

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7
Q

What happens if we are not physically active?

A

We get early morbidity and premature mortality

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7
Q

Why is physical activity and exercise important?

A

Because it promotes good health

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8
Q

What group of people influenced much of our modern day research?

A

Ancient olympics in greece

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9
Q

What is the story of pheidippides?

A

YOU KNOW IT ABOUT RUNNING 200 MILES

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10
Q

What did seguin and lavoisier study?

A

Oxygen at rest and exercise

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11
Q

What/who were the early influences on exercise science?

A

Greeks and romans
renaissance period
era of enlightenment
19th century

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12
Q

What/who are the recent influences on exercise science?

A

Physical education
harvard fatigue laboratory
Krauss-weber test results
Professional associations

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13
Q

Explain the harvard fatigue laboratory

A

Started by david B Dill, ir published 330 scientific papers, and did a lot with exercise physiology, physiology of endurance performance and environment physiology

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14
Q

When did people start studying environmental stresses, and aerobics?

A

Environmental stress- 1960
Aerobics- 1970

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15
Q

Explain the human physiology lab at indiana

A

Started by Sid Robinson one of Dr Dill’s students, and studied the effects of aging on the heart and lungs

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16
Q

Why is the man bannister so important?

A

He was the first person to run a sub four minute mile

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16
Q

When was the ASCM founded?

A

1954

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17
Q

What is discipline?

A

A field of study that has a central focus with its own body of knowledge

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17
Q

Why is the ASCM important?

A

helps with P.E. medicine and physiology
- provides significant public outreach
- works to shape public policy
- disseminates scholarly research

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18
Q

What is sub disciplines?

A

Specialized areas of interest

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19
Q

What is sports nutrition?

A

How and what we eat affects human health and fitness

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20
Q

What is exercise physiology?

A

The study of how the human body functions and how it responds or changes when exposed to exercise

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21
Q

What is sports psychology?

A

The study of cognitive factors that influence sport performance

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22
Q

What is exercise psychology?

A

The study of behavioral factors associated with exercise adherence and positive mental health and exercise

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23
Q

What is motor behavior?

A

They study of the neural mechanisms that influence the learning of movement

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24
Q

What is the difference between motor control, motor development, and motor learning?

A

motor control- Processes that highlight the production of neural, physical and behavioral effects of the human nervous system
motor development- Examines changes in both motor control and learning overtime
motor learning-Mechanisms that which the skilled movements are acquired

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25
Q

What are biomechanics?

A

the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms (putting stuff on the body to see the skeletal image of it)

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26
Q

Why is biomechanics important?

A

Helps us better understand the movement of the body to prevent injuries and stuff

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27
Q

What is athletic training?

A

The prevention of athletic injuries, evaluate athletes, rehab athletes

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28
Q

What is sociology in sports medicine?

A

Evaluates the role of organized sport and physical activity

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29
Q

What is sport history?

A

Exam religion, social attitudes, politics, that influence sports and physical activity

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29
Q

What is sporte performance?

A

Things that are related only to sports not overall health and fitness (like speed, agility, power, etc.)

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30
Q

What are the 5 things that promotes health?

A
  1. cardiorespiratory endurance
  2. muscular strength
  3. Muscle endurance
  4. Flexibility
  5. Body composition
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31
Q

What is basic research?

A

It asks a specific research question and is the cornerstone for knowledge

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32
Q

What is applied research?

A

You have a specific question but apply what you learned to solve a problem

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33
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Uses words to explain the research

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34
Q

What is quantitate research?

A

Uses numbers to explain the research

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35
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

You are describing something in your research

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35
Q

What is translational research?

A

It is when you get the research to get it out and applied to the real world sooner rather than later

36
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Need to do an actual experiment or poll

37
Q

What is Cross-sectional research?

A

Cutting something in a cross sectional way (like cutting the arm laterally) and studying the findinging in that cross section

38
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Studying something that you cut longitudinally

39
Q

What is sequential research?

A

It is adding different types of research onto something you are already researching

40
Q

What is blinding in research?

A

General lack of information to subjects and/or researchers about the treatment group to which subjects belong

41
Q

What do systems of the body respond to? (6 things)

A
  1. Physical activity
  2. regular exercise
  3. Stress
  4. Changes in nutritional intake
  5. extreme environmental conditions
  6. Diseases
42
Q

How do we get energy?

A

From the breakdown of stored resources that we have in our body (carbs and fats)

43
Q

What are the ways that muscles can make ATP? (3)

A
  1. Phosphagen
  2. Glycolytic
  3. Oxidative
44
Q

What are the 2 anaerobic pathways for energy?

A
  1. Phosphagen
  2. Glycolytic (lactate)
45
Q

Describe some characteristics of the two anaerobic pathways

A
  • Less energy available, fast energy release
  • does not require oxygen
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
46
Q

What is the one aerobic pathway?

A

Oxidative

47
Q

Which one of the anaerobic pathways is not good for prolonged exercise?

A

Glycolytic (lactate)

48
Q

Describe some characteristics of the oxidative pathway

A
  • occurs in the mitochondria
  • requires oxygen
  • complete breakdown of fuel molecules
  • provides energy for endurance
  • more energy slower release
49
Q

What is part of the nervous system? And what is part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nervous system- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- All neurons that transmit information to and from the spinal cord

49
Q

What two cycles are associated with the aerobic oxidative pathway? And explain them

A

Glycolysis and krebs cycle.

They break down glucose and fatty acids with the help of the electron transport chain to produce ATP

50
Q

What pathways are used for sprinting and endurance? And
what do they increase? (anaerobic or aerobic)

A

Anaerobic- sprints (increases the cells ability to produce energy from the phosphagen and glycolytic pathways)
aerobic- endurance (it increases the ability to synthesize ATP via Oxidation)

51
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nerves?

A

Somatic- Voluntary motor movement, skeletal muscles, sensory info, light, tast,, touch, sound
Autonomic- Involuntary motor movement split into parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Does pressure, chemical changes, heart, lungs, organs, blood vessels

52
Q

What is the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?

A

Parasympathetic- Housekeeping of the body, slows stuff down

Sympathetic- Activated during acute stress like exercise

53
Q

What are some examples of parasympathetic and sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic- reduces heart rate
Sympathetic- Increases heart rate

54
Q

How long can you sprint for using glycolytic and phosphagen anaerobic pathways?

A

Glycolytic- 30 sec- 1 minute

phosphagen- 10-20 sec

54
Q

How does strength training and endurance training effect the nervous system?

A

Strength training- It builds up more skeletal muscle and more muscle fibers. Increases the somatic nerves

Endurance- It can reduce the effect that the sympathetic nervous system has on the body (doesn’t increase heart rate as much or often)

55
Q

What is the function of the muscular system? And what is the muscular system made out of?

A

To provide movement, made out of muscle fibers

56
Q

Can exercise alter somatic and autonomic nerves?

A

YES

57
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
57
Q

What happens in the phosphagen and glycolytic pathway?

A

Phosphagen- the phosphate molecule it transferred to ADP to make ATP
Glycolytic- forms lactate, partially breaks down glucose to produce ATP

58
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Structure of the body
Protects organs and tissues
stores minerals

59
Q

What is the skeletal system made out of?

A

Minerals and cells, Bones

59
Q

What are the functions of cardiovascular system?

A

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc.
Removes waste products from the body

60
Q

What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

61
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: Moving air in and out of lungs, regulation of acid-base balance

Components: lungs

62
Q

What are the functions of the Urinary system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: eliminates waste products, regulation of fluid volume and electrolyte composition

Components: Kidney

63
Q

What is hypertension influenced by?

A

The increasing amount of fluid removed by the kidneys

64
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: transfer of nutrients and water from the food we consume into the body

Components: GI tract

65
Q

What does gastric emptying allow?

A

It allows glucose absorption during exercise

66
Q

What are the functions of the Endocrine system? And what are the components?

A

Functions: regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body

Components: Endocrine glands

67
Q

What happens when we develop insulin resistance?

A

It leads to metabolic syndrome (a disease)

68
Q

Where do glands secrete hormones to?

A

The blood then to their target organs and they bind to their receptors

69
Q

What determines whether a cell is a target for a hormone?

A

If it contains functional receptors for that hormone

70
Q

What does the pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, and pancreas secrete? And explain what the hormone does.

A

pituitary gland- Growth hormone (it influences fuel use with exercise and aids in recovery)
Adrenal gland- Aldosterone, epinephrine (medulla), and norepinephrine
pancreas secrete- Insulin (it increases blood glucose levels), secretes glucagon (that lowers blood glucose levels)

71
Q

How do you get stronger without gaining more mass?

A

By activating more motor units

72
Q

How does the endocrine system respond to endurance and resistance training?

A

Endurance: Reduce the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Resistance: Influences the body’s response to the hormones testosterone and insulin to grow

73
Q

What is the primary function of the immune system and its components?

A

Function: Regulation, recovery from infection, abnormal tissue growth and illness

Components: Physical, mechanical, chemical, blood, and cellular factors

74
Q

How can physical activity help the immune system?

A

It helps the body maintain health and reduce the risk of certain disease conditions

75
Q

What is the primary function of the energy system and its components?

A

Functions: provide energy during rest and exercise

Components: enzymes and energy sources within the cells

76
Q

When do we use carbs for energy?

A

During shorter more intense periods of activity

77
Q

When do we use fats for energy?

A

When we do longer and less intense periods of activity

78
Q

Explain the harvard fatigue laboratory 1927

A

They established to study physiologic, psychological and sociological responses of workers to stressful stimuli

79
Q

What are some key events in formation of exercise physiology?

A

The kraus-weber test (the P.E. testing for kids)

Competition between the US and soviets to get a man into space

80
Q

What are acute responses in exercise physiology?

A

Changes that occur immediately before, during, or after exercise.

81
Q

What are chronic adaptations in exercise physiology?

A

Changes that your body goes through overtime with regular exercise

82
Q

Explain factors controlling substrate metabolism in areas of study in exercise physiology?

A
  • Interaction of fat and carbs utilization
  • Effects of intensity and duration
  • role of enzymes and hormones
83
Q

Explain muscle control of glucose uptake in areas of study in exercise physiology?

A

Regulates energy utilization during physical activity and exercise.

Movement of glucose from the blood into the cell

84
Q

Explain skeletal muscle physiology in areas of study in exercise physiology?

A

Fibers have distinct contractile and metabolic characteristics. for certain physical activities or exercise

85
Q

Explain Bone metabolism in areas of study in exercise physiology?

A

Influenced by physical activity and exercise.

Osteoporosis

86
Q

Explain energy balance and weight control in areas of study in exercise physiology?

A

Promotes overall good health and optimizing performance in certain sports

87
Q

Explain assessment of energy expenditure and physical activity in areas of study in exercise physiology?

A

It is critical for promoting weight loss.

Most assessments of energy expenditure are indirect

88
Q

Explain environmental exercise in areas of study in exercise physiology?

A

It ensures safety and optimizing performance in challenging environments

89
Q

How can diabetics control blood glucose with exercise?

A

Short spurts of exercise reduce insulin and glucose

90
Q

What is GLUT 4?

A

It is the enzyme that transports glucose into the cell. It is activated by glucose and insulin. Helps with glucose homeostasis

Foundations of Exercise Science (3 decks)

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