EXAM #8 Flashcards
How many bones in the foot?
26 bones
How many phalanges in the foot?
14 phalanges
How many tarsals in the foot?
7 tarsals
How many metatarsals in the foot?
5 metatarsals
What are the essential projections of the toes
- Anteroposterior (AP) or AP axial
- AP oblique
- Lateral (mediolateral or lateromedial)
What are the essential projections of the foot
- AP or AP axial
- AP oblique (medial rotation)
- AP oblique (lateral rotation)
- Lateral (mediolateral)
What are the essential projections of the calcaneus
- Axial (plantodorsal)
* Lateral (mediolateral)
What are the essential projections of the ankle
- AP
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- AP oblique Medial Rotation
- Ankle
- Mortise joint
- AP Oblique Lateral Rotation
- AP (stress)
What are the essential projections of the intercondylar fossa
- PA Axial (Holmblad method)
- PA Axial (Camp-Coventry method)
- AP Axial (Beclere Method)
What are the essential projections of the patella
- PA
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- Tangential (Settegast / Sunrise method)
- Patella and patellofemoral joint
Which 4 projections require dorsiflexion?
- Lateral foot
- Axial Calcaneus
- Lateral Ankle
- AP Oblique Ankles + Mortise
What the essential projections are for toes
- Anteroposterior (AP) or AP axial
- AP oblique
- Lateral (mediolateral or lateromedial)
What the essential projections are for foot
- AP or AP axial
- AP oblique (medial rotation)
- AP oblique (lateral rotation)
- Lateral (mediolateral)
What the essential projections are for calcaneus
- Axial (plantodorsal)
* Lateral (mediolateral)
What the essential projections are for ankle
- AP
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- AP oblique Medial Rotation
- Ankle
- Mortise joint
- AP Oblique Lateral Rotation
- AP (stress)
What the essential projections are for intercondylar fossa
- PA Axial (Holmblad method)
- PA Axial (Camp-Coventry method)
- AP Axial (Beclere Method)
What the essential projections are for patella
- PA
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- Tangential (Settegast / Sunrise method)
- Patella and patellofemoral joint
What is the degree of rotation of the leg/foot for the following?
- AP Oblique Toes = ?
- AP Oblique Ankles = ?
- AP Oblique Mortise = ?
- AP Oblique Foot Medial/Lateral Rotation = ?
- AP Oblique Toes = 30-45°
- AP Oblique Ankles = 45°
- AP Oblique Mortise = 15-20° medial
- AP Oblique Foot Medial/Lateral Rotation = plantar surface 30° from IR
Where are the femoral epicondyles for the following projections?
- Lateral knee = ?
- Lateral lower leg = ?
- AP knee = ?
- Lateral knee = Femoral epicondyles perpendicular to IR
- Lateral lower leg = Femoral condyles perpendicular to IR
- AP knee = Femoral epicondyles parallel with IR
Where is the patella for the following?
- AP knee = ?
- Oblique knee = ?
- AP knee = Patella completely superimposed on the femur
- Oblique knee = Margin of the patella projected slightly beyond the edge of the lateral/medial femoral condyle (respectively)
How much should the knee be flexed?
- Lateral Patella = ?
- Lateral Knee = ?
- Lateral Patella = Knee flexed 5° to 10°
* Lateral Knee = Knee flexed 20° to 30°
CR angles for the following projections?
- AP Axial Toes = ?
- AP Axial Foot = ?
- Lateral Knee = ?
- Axial (Plantodorsal) Calcaneus = ?
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry ICF = ?
- Tangential Patella (Settegast) ICF = ?
- AP Axial Toes = 15° posteriorly
- AP Axial Foot = 10° toward heel – including axial weight-bearing
- Lateral Knee = 5-7° cephalic
- Axial (Plantodorsal) Calcaneus = 40° cephalic
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry ICF = 40° cephalic
- Tangential Patella (Settegast) ICF = 15° to 20° cephalic
Body part angles for the following projections?
- AP Oblique Ankle Medial/Lateral Rotation = ?
- AP Oblique Mortise joint = ?
- PA Patella = ?
- Lateral Patella = ?
- AP Oblique Ankle Medial/Lateral Rotation = Leg and foot rotated medially 45°
- AP Oblique Mortise joint = Leg and foot rotated medially 15° to 20°
- PA Patella = 5° to 10° lateral rotation of heel
- Lateral Patella = knee flexed 5° to 10°
Body part angles for the following projections?
- PA Axial Holmblad = ?
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry = ?
- Lateral Knee = ?
- Oblique knee = ?
- PA Axial Holmblad = knee flexed 70° from full extension
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry = knee flexed 40° or 50°
- Lateral Knee = Knee flexed 20° to 30°
- Oblique knee = limb rotated 45°
What joint spaces are shown in the following projections?
- Ankle obliques = ?
- Knee obliques = ?
- Ankle obliques = Tibiofibular articulation open
* Knee obliques = Open knee joint
What needs to be done to place the patella parallel for PA projection?
5° to 10° lateral rotation of heel to place the patella parallel for PA projection
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
- AP/AP axial/oblique toes = ?
- Lateral great toe = ?
- Lateral toes = ?
- AP/oblique foot = ?
- AP/AP axial/oblique toes = Enters at third MTP joint
- Lateral great toe = Perpendicular to MTP of great toe
- Lateral toes = Perpendicular to PIP of affected toe
- AP/oblique foot = Perpendicular to base of third metatarsal
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
- AP axial foot = ?
- Lateral foot = ?
- Axial calcaneus = ?
- Lateral calcaneus = ?
- AP axial foot = Angled 10° toward heel to the base of the third metatarsal
- Lateral foot = Perpendicular to base of metatarsals
- Axial calcaneus = Enters plantar surface at base of third metatarsal @ 40° cephalic
- Lateral calcaneus = Perpendicular to calcaneus, 1 inch distal to medial malleolus at sub-talar joint
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
- AP/oblique/Mortise ankle = ?
- Lateral ankle = ?
- AP/lateral lower leg = ?
- AP/oblique knee = ?
- AP/oblique/Mortise ankle = Perpendicular through ankle to midway between the malleoli
- Lateral ankle = Enters medial malleolus
- AP/lateral lower leg = Perpendicular to center of leg
- AP/oblique knee = Enters 1/2 inch below patellar apex
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
- Lateral knee = ?
- PA axial (Holmblad) = ?
- PA axial (Camp-Coventry) = ?
- AP axial (Beclere Method) = ?
- Lateral knee = Enters knee joint 1 inch distal to medial femoral epicondyle @ 5-7° cephalic
- PA axial (Holmblad) = Perpendicular to the tibia-fibula
- PA axial (Camp-Coventry) = Angle depends on amount of knee flexion — 40 degrees caudad when knee flexed 40 degrees
- AP axial (Beclere Method) = entering the knee joint 1/2 inch below the patellar apex
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
- PA patella = ?
- Lateral patella = ?
- Tangential patella (Settegast) = ?
- PA patella = Perpendicular to midpopliteal area, exiting patella
- Lateral patella = Enters knee at midpatellofemoral joint
- Tangential patella (Settegast) = Perpendicular to joint space when joint is perpendicular to IR. CR angle required when space is not perpendicular to IR. Angle depends on amount of knee flexion. Typical angle: 15 to 20 degrees cephalad
