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2016FA POSITIONING (D. Demichele) > EXAM #3 (Ch. 3) > Flashcards

EXAM #3 (Ch. 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomical position?

A

facing viewer, palms out

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2
Q

what is the sagittal plane?

mid-sagittal?

A

divides body into left and right segments

mid-sagittal divides into equal left and right

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3
Q

what is the coronal plane?

A

divides into anterior and posterior

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4
Q

what is the transverse/horizontal plane?

A

divides into superior and inferior

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5
Q

what organs are are in the thoracic cavity?

A
  • lungs
  • trachea
  • esophopgus
  • pericardium
  • pleural membranes
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6
Q

what organs are in the abdominal cavity?

A
  • peritoneum
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • spleen
  • stomach
  • intestines
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • major blood vessels
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7
Q

what organs are in the pelvic cavity?

A
  • rectum
  • bladder
  • reproductive
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8
Q

how many regions are in the abdomen?

what are their names?

A

nine regions in three groups

• superior

  • epigastrium
  • left hypochondrium
  • right hypochondrium

• middle

  • umbilical
  • left lateral
  • right lateral

• inferior

  • hypogastrium
  • left inguinal
  • right inguinal
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9
Q

what is at the level of L4 + L5?

A

superiormost aspect of iliac crests

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10
Q

what are the four body habitus?

percentage?

and what characteristics do each have (organ appearance)?

  • build: ?
  • abdomen: ?
  • thorax: ?
  • pelvis: ?
A 
STHENIC (50%)
• heart: moderately transverse
• lungs moderate length
• diaphragm: moderately high
• colon: spread even
• gallbladder: center right side
  • build: moderately heavy
  • abdomen: moderately long
  • thorax: moderately short + deep
  • pelvis: small

HYPOSTHENIC (35%):
• between sthenic and asthenic
{most difficult to classify}

ASTHENIC (10%):
• heart: vertical at midline
• lungs: long
• diaphragm: low
• stomach: low, medial (in pelvis)
• colon: low, folds on self
• gallbladder: low, near midline
  • build: frail
  • abdomen: short
  • thorax: long + shallow
  • pelvis: wide
HYPERSTHENIC (5%):
• heart: transverse
• lungs: short
• diaphragm: high
• stomach: high middle
• colon: around walls of abdomen
  • build: massive
  • abdomen: long
  • thorax: short + deep
  • pelvis: narrow
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11
Q

how many total bones are in the adult skeleton?

A

206

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12
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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13
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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14
Q

what is an epiphysis?

A

end of long bone

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15
Q

what is a foramen?

A

opening in bone

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16
Q

what is a tuberosity?

A

knob-like projections on bone

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17
Q

what landmark can the greater trochanter be used for?

A

pubic symphysis (?)

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18
Q

what are long bones?

where can they be found?

A

long cylinder bone

found in limbs

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19
Q

what are short bones?

where can they be found?

A

vary in shape, allow minimum flexibility

wrist and ankles

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20
Q

what are flat bones?

where can they be found?

A

two tables of compact bone, provide protection + muscle attachment

sternum

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21
Q

what’s the difference between abduction and adduction?

A

abduction: away from the body’s midline
adduction: toward the body’s midline

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22
Q

what’s the difference between supination and pronation?

A

supination: rotation of forearm so palm is up
pronation: rotation of forearm so palm is down

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23
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

where can they be found?

A

small and oval bones

inside and around tendons, patella

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24
Q

what’s the purpose of bones and what do they provide?

A

they provide:

  • muscle attachment
  • movement
  • protection
  • support
  • storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
  • red and white blood cell production
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25
Q

what is posteroanterior projection?

A

perpendicular projection where central ray enters posterior of body and exits anterior (PA)

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26
Q

what is an epiphyseal plate?

A

where long bones grow, then become epiphyseal line in adults

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27
Q

what is posteroanterior projection?

A

perpendicular projection where central ray enters posterior of body and exits anterior (PA)

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28
Q

what is axial projection?

A

angulation of central ray with the long axis of the body or body part (caudad and cephalad)

29
Q

what is tangental projection?

A

central ray directed twoard outer margin of a curved body surface

30
Q

what is an axial projection?

A

angulation of central ray with the long axis of the body or body part (caudad and cephalad)

31
Q

what is a tangental projection?

A

central ray directed twoard outer margin of a curved body surface

32
Q

what landmark can the greater trochanter be used for?

A

pubic symphysis

33
Q

what is posteroanterior projection?

A

ray passes through from posterior to anterior (PA)

34
Q

what is a tangental projection?

A

central ray directed toward outer margin of a curved body surface

35
Q

what is a lateral projection?

A

one side of patient touching IR white ray passes through entering from opposite end

36
Q

what is an oblique projection?

A

rotated body as ray enters posterior through to anterior

37
Q

what is an oblique projection?

A

rotated body as ray enters posterior through to anterior

38
Q

what is supine position?

A

lying on back

39
Q

what is prone position?

A

lying face down

40
Q

what is recumbent position?

A

lying down in any position (e.g. right lateral recumbent position)

41
Q

what is trendelenburg position?

A

supine with head lower than feet

42
Q

what is an oblique projection?

A

central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle

43
Q

what is sims position?

A

lying with one leg extended and the other leg’s knee flexed

44
Q

what is sims position?

A

lying with one leg extended and the other leg’s knee flexed

45
Q

what is lithotomy position?

A

supine with knees and hip flexed with thighs abducted and rotated

46
Q

what is lithotomy position?

A

supine with knees and hip flexed with thighs abducted and rotated

47
Q

what is oblique position?

A

entire body or body part is rotated so the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR

48
Q

what is oblique position?

A

entire body or body part is rotated so the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR

49
Q

what is decubitus position?

A

lying down and the central ray is parallel with floor

50
Q

what is oblique position?

A

entire body or body part is rotated so the coronal plane is not parallel with the table/IR

51
Q

what is decubitus position?

A

lying down and the central ray is parallel with table/IR

52
Q

what is lordotic position?

A

leaning backward while upright so that only shoulders are in contact with IR

53
Q

what’s the difference between medial and lateral rotation?

A

medial: rotated in
lateral: rotated out

(direction in which the limbs have been turned from the anatomical position)

54
Q

what terms can be used to ID position and projection?

A 
PROJECTIONS:
• AP
• PA
• axial
• tangential
• lateral
• oblique
POSITIONS:
• seated
• upright
• recumbent
• supine
• prone
• trendelenburg
• fowler
• sims
• lithotomy
• lateral
• oblique
• decubitus
• lordotic
55
Q

what is lateral position?

A

lying on side

right/left depends on side of the patient that is closest to IR

56
Q

what are irregular bones?

A

any bone that cannot be classified as long, short, flat, or sesamoid

(vertebrae + pelvic bones)

57
Q

what organs are in the LLQ?

A
  • colon
  • ovary/fallopian tube
  • ureter
58
Q

what organs are in the LUQ?

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • kidney
  • colon
59
Q

what organs are in the RUQ?

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • duodenum
  • kidney
  • colon
60
Q

what organs are in the RLQ?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • ovary/fallopian tube
  • ureter
  • colon
61
Q

what are the two positions + projections that have the same name?

A

oblique

+

lateral

62
Q

which of an example of flat bone?

A. femur
B. radius
C. clavicle
D. scapula

A

D. scapula

63
Q

which is NOT a function of the skeleton?

A. attachment of muscles
B. storage of calcium
C. production of minerals
D. production of red + white blood cells

A

C. production of minerals

64
Q

which can be palpitated to locate T7?

A. jugular notch
B. sternal angle
C. inferior angle of scapula
D. xiphoid process

A

C. inferior angle of scapula

65
Q

what is a compression fracture?

A

fractured by being pushed (compressed)

66
Q

what is a compound fracture?

A

bone pushing through the skin

67
Q

what is a greenstick fracture?

A

looks like broken tree limb

68
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

bone particles / broken up

69
Q

identify the structure that is proximal to the wrist

A. metacarpals
B. phalanges
C. elbow

A

C. elbow

2016FA POSITIONING (D. Demichele) (12 decks)

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