EXAM #3 (Ch. 3) Flashcards
what is anatomical position?
facing viewer, palms out
what is the sagittal plane?
mid-sagittal?
divides body into left and right segments
mid-sagittal divides into equal left and right
what is the coronal plane?
divides into anterior and posterior
what is the transverse/horizontal plane?
divides into superior and inferior
what organs are are in the thoracic cavity?
- lungs
- trachea
- esophopgus
- pericardium
- pleural membranes
what organs are in the abdominal cavity?
- peritoneum
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- spleen
- stomach
- intestines
- kidneys
- ureters
- major blood vessels
what organs are in the pelvic cavity?
- rectum
- bladder
- reproductive
how many regions are in the abdomen?
what are their names?
nine regions in three groups
• superior
- epigastrium
- left hypochondrium
- right hypochondrium
• middle
- umbilical
- left lateral
- right lateral
• inferior
- hypogastrium
- left inguinal
- right inguinal
what is at the level of L4 + L5?
superiormost aspect of iliac crests
what are the four body habitus?
percentage?
and what characteristics do each have (organ appearance)?
- build: ?
- abdomen: ?
- thorax: ?
- pelvis: ?
STHENIC (50%) • heart: moderately transverse • lungs moderate length • diaphragm: moderately high • colon: spread even • gallbladder: center right side
- build: moderately heavy
- abdomen: moderately long
- thorax: moderately short + deep
- pelvis: small
HYPOSTHENIC (35%):
• between sthenic and asthenic
{most difficult to classify}
ASTHENIC (10%): • heart: vertical at midline • lungs: long • diaphragm: low • stomach: low, medial (in pelvis) • colon: low, folds on self • gallbladder: low, near midline
- build: frail
- abdomen: short
- thorax: long + shallow
- pelvis: wide
HYPERSTHENIC (5%): • heart: transverse • lungs: short • diaphragm: high • stomach: high middle • colon: around walls of abdomen
- build: massive
- abdomen: long
- thorax: short + deep
- pelvis: narrow
how many total bones are in the adult skeleton?
206
how many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
what is an epiphysis?
end of long bone
what is a foramen?
opening in bone
what is a tuberosity?
knob-like projections on bone
what landmark can the greater trochanter be used for?
pubic symphysis (?)
what are long bones?
where can they be found?
long cylinder bone
found in limbs
what are short bones?
where can they be found?
vary in shape, allow minimum flexibility
wrist and ankles
what are flat bones?
where can they be found?
two tables of compact bone, provide protection + muscle attachment
sternum
what’s the difference between abduction and adduction?
abduction: away from the body’s midline
adduction: toward the body’s midline
what’s the difference between supination and pronation?
supination: rotation of forearm so palm is up
pronation: rotation of forearm so palm is down
what are sesamoid bones?
where can they be found?
small and oval bones
inside and around tendons, patella
what’s the purpose of bones and what do they provide?
they provide:
- muscle attachment
- movement
- protection
- support
- storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
- red and white blood cell production
what is posteroanterior projection?
perpendicular projection where central ray enters posterior of body and exits anterior (PA)
what is an epiphyseal plate?
where long bones grow, then become epiphyseal line in adults
what is posteroanterior projection?
perpendicular projection where central ray enters posterior of body and exits anterior (PA)
what is axial projection?
angulation of central ray with the long axis of the body or body part (caudad and cephalad)
what is tangental projection?
central ray directed twoard outer margin of a curved body surface
what is an axial projection?
angulation of central ray with the long axis of the body or body part (caudad and cephalad)
what is a tangental projection?
central ray directed twoard outer margin of a curved body surface
what landmark can the greater trochanter be used for?
pubic symphysis
what is posteroanterior projection?
ray passes through from posterior to anterior (PA)
what is a tangental projection?
central ray directed toward outer margin of a curved body surface
what is a lateral projection?
one side of patient touching IR white ray passes through entering from opposite end
what is an oblique projection?
rotated body as ray enters posterior through to anterior
what is an oblique projection?
rotated body as ray enters posterior through to anterior
what is supine position?
lying on back
what is prone position?
lying face down
what is recumbent position?
lying down in any position (e.g. right lateral recumbent position)
what is trendelenburg position?
supine with head lower than feet
what is an oblique projection?
central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle
what is sims position?
lying with one leg extended and the other leg’s knee flexed
what is sims position?
lying with one leg extended and the other leg’s knee flexed
what is lithotomy position?
supine with knees and hip flexed with thighs abducted and rotated
what is lithotomy position?
supine with knees and hip flexed with thighs abducted and rotated
what is oblique position?
entire body or body part is rotated so the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR
what is oblique position?
entire body or body part is rotated so the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR
what is decubitus position?
lying down and the central ray is parallel with floor
what is oblique position?
entire body or body part is rotated so the coronal plane is not parallel with the table/IR
what is decubitus position?
lying down and the central ray is parallel with table/IR
what is lordotic position?
leaning backward while upright so that only shoulders are in contact with IR
what’s the difference between medial and lateral rotation?
medial: rotated in
lateral: rotated out
(direction in which the limbs have been turned from the anatomical position)
what terms can be used to ID position and projection?
PROJECTIONS: • AP • PA • axial • tangential • lateral • oblique
POSITIONS: • seated • upright • recumbent • supine • prone • trendelenburg • fowler • sims • lithotomy • lateral • oblique • decubitus • lordotic
what is lateral position?
lying on side
right/left depends on side of the patient that is closest to IR
what are irregular bones?
any bone that cannot be classified as long, short, flat, or sesamoid
(vertebrae + pelvic bones)
what organs are in the LLQ?
- colon
- ovary/fallopian tube
- ureter
what organs are in the LUQ?
- stomach
- spleen
- pancreas
- kidney
- colon
what organs are in the RUQ?
- liver
- gall bladder
- duodenum
- kidney
- colon
what organs are in the RLQ?
- cecum
- appendix
- ovary/fallopian tube
- ureter
- colon
what are the two positions + projections that have the same name?
oblique
+
lateral
which of an example of flat bone?
A. femur
B. radius
C. clavicle
D. scapula
D. scapula
which is NOT a function of the skeleton?
A. attachment of muscles
B. storage of calcium
C. production of minerals
D. production of red + white blood cells
C. production of minerals
which can be palpitated to locate T7?
A. jugular notch
B. sternal angle
C. inferior angle of scapula
D. xiphoid process
C. inferior angle of scapula
what is a compression fracture?
fractured by being pushed (compressed)
what is a compound fracture?
bone pushing through the skin
what is a greenstick fracture?
looks like broken tree limb
what is a comminuted fracture?
bone particles / broken up
identify the structure that is proximal to the wrist
A. metacarpals
B. phalanges
C. elbow
C. elbow
