EXAM #4 (Ch. 16) Flashcards
what are the membranes that line the walls of the abdomen?
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
what do you want to see in an abdominal image (high or moderate contrast)?
moderate contrast
what [5] things will a properly exposed abdominal image show?
sharp outlines of psoas muscles
lower border of liver
kidneys
ribs
transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
what do you have to do for an optimal radiograph of the abdomen?
proper collimation
pubic symphysis to upper abdomen
SID
proper alignment
no rotation of patient
soft tissue brightness and contrast
markers
diaphragm without motion
what’s the most commonly performed abdominal exam?
supine AP projection, aka KUB
kidneys, ureters, bladder
what do you do if a patient cannot stand upright for an AP projection?
lateral recumbent position
left lateral decubitus
what do you do if a patient cannot stand or lie on their side for an image?
R/L lateral projection, dorsal decubitus position
what’s the respiration phase?
suspend at the end of respiration
why is a left lateral decubitus done?
if a patient cannot stand upright for an AP projection
according to the book: how long should a patient lie on their side for a left lateral decubitus before the image is taken?
why?
5 minutes
it allows air to rise and fluid to settle
what is shown: R/L lateral abdominal position?
pre-vertebral space occupied by the:
abdominal aorta
calcifications
tumor masses
what is shown: dorsal decubitus position?
when is it useful?
prevertebral space
useful when determining air-fluid levels in abdomen
what are the organs in the abdominal cavity?
stomach
large + small intestines
liver
gallbladder
spleen
pancreas
kidneys
what are the organs in the pelvic cavity?
rectum
sigmoid of large intestine
bladder
reproductive
what is the membrane that covers the whole abdominopelvic cavity?
what two layers cover the sac which lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
peritoneum
inner = visceral peritoneum
outer = parietal peritoneum
what is the omenta?
what organs
supports the viscera of the peritoneum
stomach, colon
what is the mesentery?
what organs?
supports the viscera of the peritoneum
stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen
what is the peritoneal cavity?
the space between the two layers of the peritoneam and contains serous fluid
what is the cavity posterior to the peritoneal cavity?
what organs are located here?
retroperitoneum
kidneys and pancreas
how can you evaluate rotation in a KUB?
spinous process in the center of the lumbar vertebrae
ischial spines of the pelvis symmetric, if visible
alae or wings of the ilia symmetric
why would a three-view abdominal series be ordered?
what does it consist of?
to rule out free air, bowel obstruction, and infection
AP supine
AP upright
PA chest
where do you center for an AP decubitus?
center the CR with the mid-sagittal plane of the body
center collimated field/IR two inches above iliac crest
where do you center for an upright?
center the mid-sagittal plane of body to the midline of the grid
center collimated field/IR two inches above iliac crest
know which planes are placed parallel and perpendicular
think about the following and their relation to one another:
sagittal, mid-sagittal
coronal, mid-coronal
horizontal, mid-horizontal
when will the x-ray beam be horizontal?
decubitus
lateral
upright
dorsal
when will the x-ray beam be vertical?
KUB/AP abdomen
lateral
why use a PA instead of an AP
PA reduces gonadal dose and should be considered when kidneys aren’t important
