Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience (By Chapter) > Exam #5 Info > Flashcards

Exam #5 Info Flashcards

1
Q

Cocontraction

A

Partial or full contraction of muscles on both sides of a joint or “around” a “body segment”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Static Cocontraction

A

Stiffly lock a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dynamic Cocontraction

A

Control movement of a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two types of lower motor neurons

A

Alpha motor neuronsGamma motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

A-alphaExtrafusalGo to the sarcomeres that make the muscle shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

A-gammaIntrafusalGo to the muscle spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motor units

A

One alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibers it connects to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F: One motor unit is either fast or slow twitch; NOT mixed

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Order of Recruitment (Henneman’s size principle)

A

Slow twitch firstFast as speed and/or intensity increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Exceptions to order of recruitment

A

Need explosive/high level levels of force right away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gross motor control

A

Many muscle fibers for each motor axon (LMN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fine motor control

A

Few muscle fibers for each motor axon (LMN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alpha-gamma coactivation DEFINITION

A

Voluntary movement causes UMN to send parallel messages to alpha and gamma motor neurons-Alpha message: move muscle, contract-Gamma message: keep spindle sensitive to stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alpha-gamma coactivation FUNCTION

A

Keeps spindle sensitive during movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sources of convergence of information on alpha motorneurons

A

1) From an UMN with a message to move (movement pathway)2) From a sensory receptor (mechanoreceptors, spindles, touch/pain receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Motor Neuron Pools

A

Gray matterVentral hornAxons from a pool project to a single muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vertical organization of Motor Neuron Pools

A

Single pool may include several spinal levels and several myotomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Medial Motor Neuron Pools

A

Axial and proximal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When the brain makes one muscle contract, it makes the opposite muscle contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reciprocal inhibition connections

A

Upper motor neurons –> alpha motorneuronsMuscle spindle afferents –> alpha motorneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Muscle synergies

A

Many muscles working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Muscle synergies are created by…

A

Activation of multiple motor neurons-brain activates more UMN to contract many LMNBranching of upper motor neurons-UMN branch and go to several musclesInterneuron networks-little networks of neurons that increase connections between muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

“Normal” muscle synergies

A

Group of muscles that work under control for a functional outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

“Abnormal” muscle synergies

A

Group of muscles that work without control and do not produce a functional outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Role of GTO in movement

A

GTO transmit message of force/tension and that information is used by your brain to control movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phasic stretch reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex, muscle stretch reflex and DTRStimulus: stretch of muscle spindle primary endings –> Ia fiberMonosynaptic connection w/ alpha motor neurons (same m)Response = brief facilitation or activation of alpha motor neurons (same m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

Stimulus: activation of nociceptor –> Adelta fiberMultisynaptic connection w/ alpha motor neurons (many m)Response = automatic withdrawal of limb with pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do UMN director tracts start and end?

A

Start: above the brainstemEnd: ventral horn of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Medial division of director tracts project..

A

More to LMN or proximal arm and leg”Move any way I want”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lateral division of director tracts project…

A

More to LMN of distal arm and leg”Move any way I want”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where do UMN helper tracts start and end?

A

Start: in the brainstemEnd: ventral horn of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Medial division of helper tracts project..

A

More to LMN of proximal arm and leg “Help me move”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lateral division of helper tracts project..

A

More to LMN of distal arm and leg”Help me move”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Director tracts are the ___ level of voluntary control and helper tracts are the ___ level of voluntary control.

A

HighestLowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

T/F: Director UMNs help control activation of helper UMNs in brainstem.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Alpha-gamma coactivation MECHANISM

A

Every LMN splits to serve alpha and gamma motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Lateral Motor Neuron Pools

A

Distal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Anterior Motor Neuron Pools

A

Extensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Posterior Motor Neuron Pools

A

Flexors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

DirectorLateral DivisionContains 90% of UMN that start in precentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does the Lateral Corticospinal Tract Start and End?

A

Start: precentral gyrus –> Lateral aspect of ant horn of spinal cordEnd: Lateral aspect of ant horn of spinal cord –> Extrafusal muscle fibers of more distal musclesSynapse: ventral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the Lateral Corticospinal Tract do?

A

Produces fractionation of movement (fine motor control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

HelperLateral Division–>distal musclesFacilitates flexorsHelps pick stuff up against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Medial Corticospinal Tract

A

DirectorMedial DivisionProximal musclesContains 10% of pre central gyrus neurons that DO NOT cross the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Reticulospinal Tract

A

HelperMedial DivisionExtensorsHold me up against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Balance and EquilibriumHelperMedial divisionExtensorsHold me up against gravityNeck and upper body postural muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Balance and EquilibriumHelperMedial DivisionExtensorsHold me up against gravityDistal muscles of legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Nonspecific Activation System

A

Some UMN from brainstem simply control relative excitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Paresis

A

Weakness, difficulty moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Paralysis

A

Inability to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinking of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Atrophy: Disuse

A

Don’t exercise a muscle and it shrinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Atrophy: Denervation

A

Muscle loses its connection with a LMN and wastes away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Muscle Spasms and Muscle Cramps

A

Involuntary muscular contraction that starts at the muscular levelMetabolic reasons: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, muscle overwork, too much calcium in the muscleNOT nervous system origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Fasciculations

A

Contraction of an entire motor unitAxon is spontaneously active and the motor unit jumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Myoclonus

A

Rhythmic, involuntary muscular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Tremor

A

Shaking or back and forth movement of a limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Tremors can be during…

A

Rest (Parkinson’s Disease)ORIntention (Cerebellar Problems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Fibrillations

A

Spontaneous depolarization of one denervated muscle fiberNerves uncouple from muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Hypotonia (flaccidity)

A

Decreased muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Hypertonia

A

Increased muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Shock

A

Period of time post nervous system trauma when motor units are unexcitable or “in shock”Cerebral OR Spinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Signs and Symptoms of LMN Disorders (5)

A

Loss of reflexes (stretch and cutaneous)Atrophy of denervationDisorders of muscle tone (hypotonia/flaccidity)Paralysis (“flaccid” paralysis)Fibrillations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Examples of LMN Disorders

A

Peripheral nerve injury (carpal tunnel syndrome)Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (Lou-Gehrig’s Disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Signs and Symptoms of UMN Syndrome (3)

A

Paresis/Paralysis (“Spastic” paralysis)Loss of fractionation of movementAbnormal reflexes (cutaneous, muscle stretch hyperreflexia, clonus, clasp-knife response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

“Spastic” Paralysis

A

Stretch reflex hyperreflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Loss of fractionation of movement

A

Lateral corticospinal tract is no longer controlling the distal muscles of the arms/legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Abnormal cutaneous reflexes

A

Exaggerated or hyperreflexive withdrawal to painEX: Babinksi Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Muscle stretch hyperreflexia

A

Exaggerated muscular response to a quick stretchMore UMN damage = stronger response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Clonus

A

Repeated stretch hyperreflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Clasp-knife response

A

Catch and releaseMuscle stretch hyperreflexia that relaxes/goes away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Spastic hypertonia

A

Muscle stretch hyperreflexiaVelocity dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Rigid hypertonia

A

Some UMN damage causes the UMN to send inappropriate signals pretty much all the timeVelocity-independent EX: Parkinson’s, brain trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Decerebrate rigidity

A

Unconscious tonic hypertonia in extensors for the arm/legHelpers are unconsciously extending the arms/legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Decorticate rigidity

A

Abnormal tonic flexion of arms and abnormal tonic extension of legsRubrospinal helpers flexing the arms and vestibulospinal helpers extending the legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Muscle overactivity

A

Excess tone that is activity dependentHelpers turned on without direction causes too much toneEX: stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Disorders of muscle contraction (6)

A

Delayed initiationSlow force productionProlonged contraction timeDisordered coordination of agonists and antagonistsDecreased fractionationAbnormal muscle synergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Spasticity (neural) “hyperstiffness”

A

Velocity dependent increase in strength of the phasic stretch reflexUMN damage lets LMN reflex loop run wild

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Rigidity (neural) “hyperstiffness”

A

Velocity independent increase in resting muscle toneUMN damage results in abnormal, tonic signals to LMNEX: brain trauma or Parkinson’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Muscle overactivity (neural) “hyperstiffness”

A

Activity dependent increase in muscle tone that is inappropriate for the taskUMN damage results in abnormal signals to LMN during activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Myoplastic hyperstiffness (mechanical)

A

Excessive resistance to muscle stretch that is due to increased intrinsic stiffness along with connective tissue tightness (including contracture)Resistance is not due to increased muscle “tone”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Caudate of the basal ganglia

A

Input from “prefrontal” cortexCognitive link Gets the message: this is what I want to doUnderstands how you want to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Putamen of the basal ganglia

A

Input from primary motor cortex and motor planning cortexMovement linkKnows what you are doing now and what the environment is like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Globus Pallidus and Subthalamic Nucleus of the basal ganglia

A

Processors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

In the midbrainContains dopamine producing neurons that power the basal ganglia circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Compacta of the Substantia Nigra

A

DopamineCritical for producing voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

The basal ganglia has projections to…

A

Motor planning areas of the cerebral cortexThe midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The projection of the basal ganglia to the motor planning area of the cerebral cortex goes through ____ and connects ____.

A

Motor thalamusBasal ganglia and to directors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

The projection of the basal ganglia to the brainstem goes through ____ and connects ____.

A

Pedunculopontine nucleus of the midbrainBasal ganglia to helper motor neurons of the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are the 4 functions of the basal ganglia motor loop?

A

Sequencing movementsRegulating muscle toneRegulating muscle forceFacilitating or inhibiting specific motor synergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor loop of the basal ganglia?

A

Direct eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What is the function of the executive loop of the basal ganglia?

A

Goal directed behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is the function of the behavioral flexibility and control loop of the basal ganglia?

A

Social appropriateness

94
Q

What is the function of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia?

A

Emotions

95
Q

What kind of output messages does the basal ganglia send?

A

Inhibitory

96
Q

What type of disorder is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Hypokinetic

97
Q

Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology

A

Death of dopamine producing cells

98
Q

What does Parkinson’s disease lead to?

A

INCREASED inhibition of motor thalamus –> DECREASED voluntary movementINCREASE inhibition of pedunculopontine muscles –> EXCESSIVE contraction of both flexor and extensor postural muscles

99
Q

7 signs of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Akinesia/hypokinesiaRigidity (cog wheel)Freezing during movementVisuoperceptive impairmentsPostural instabilityResting tremorNon-motor signs

100
Q

What type of disorder is Huntington’s Disease?

A

Hyperkinetic disorder

101
Q

Huntington’s Disease Pathophysiology

A

Degeneration of basal ganglia “input modules” and cerebral cortex

102
Q

What does Huntington’s Disease lead to?

A

DECREASED inhibition of motor thalamus –> involuntary muscle contractionsDECREASED inhibition of pedunculopontine nucleus –> insufficient contraction of both flexor and extensor postural muscles

103
Q

2 Signs of Huntington’s Disease

A

ChoreaDimentia

104
Q

Chorea

A

Twisting or writhing of the extremities

105
Q

Inputs to cerebellar cortex

A

Primarily proprioception and somatosensationSpinocerebellar

106
Q

Midline vermis of the cerebellum controls…

A

Central core

107
Q

Paravermal hemisphere of the cerebellum controls…

A

Proximal extremity muscles

108
Q

Lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum controls…

A

Distal parts, especially hands and feet

109
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Flocculonodular lobeInner earEquilibrium and balanceInfluences eye movement and postural muscles

110
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Controls movement of the limbsMidline core and proximal musclesControl ongoing movement via the brainstem descending tracts

111
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Fine, distal, voluntary movementsCoordination of voluntary musclesPlanning of movementsAbility to judge time intervals and produce accurate rhythms

112
Q

5 global functions of the cerebellum

A

Contributes to muscle toneHelps plan and control movementsSpeedDirectionTiming

113
Q

Name the 3 cerebellar peduncles

A

SuperiorMiddleInferior

114
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Most of cerebellar efferentOutput to brainstem and cortical UMNUnconscious and conscious movement correction

115
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Afferent from corticopontocerebellar fibersInput to cerebellumXerox copy of the movement plan

116
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Afferent from spinal cord and brainstemInput from spinocerebellar tractCarries the message of what I’m actually doing

117
Q

Summary of the functions of the cerebellum

A

Comparing actual motor output to the intended movementAdjusting actual motor output if there is a discrepancy

118
Q

Name the two general signs of Cerebellar Clinical Disorders

A

HypotoniaAtaxia

119
Q

Are signs ipsilateral or contralateral to the side of damage in the cerebellum?

A

Ipsilateral

120
Q

Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum result in…

A

Abnormal eye movementsDysequilibriumTruncal ataxia

121
Q

Dysequilibrium

A

Imbalance

122
Q

Truncal ataxia

A

Trouble setting and controlling the core and most proximal muscles

123
Q

Lesions of paravermis and cerebrocerebellum result in…

A

Dysarthria

124
Q

Dysarthria

A

Problem with mechanical production of words and sounds

125
Q

Lesions of the spinocerebellum result in…

A

Ataxia, wide-based gait

126
Q

Lesions of the spinocerebellum (cerebrocerebellum) result in…

A

DysdiadokokinesiaDysmetriaAction tremor

127
Q

Dysdiadokokinesia

A

Problem with rapid alternating movement

128
Q

Dysmetria

A

Trouble hitting a target that you reach for with hands or feet

129
Q

4 general treatment strategies for cerebellar disorders

A

Slow down movementThink about movingSimplify movementsSee and feel movements

130
Q

5 ways to distinguish cerebellar ataxia from somatosensory ataxia

A

Stance with eyes open vs eyes closedVoluntary movement with eyes open vs eyes closedConscious proprioception testingVibration sense testingAnkle reflex testing

131
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Joining of the rootsOne place where all the sensory, motor, and autonomic for one spinal level are gathered togetherDividing line between central and peripheral

132
Q

What pattern does a spinal nerve display when damaged?

A

Myotomal or dermatomal

133
Q

Name the 3 Peripheral N Rami

A

Ventral/AnteriorDorsal/Posterior”Communicating”

134
Q

Ventral/Anterior Peripheral Rami

A

Front of the body including the arms and legsAll motor, sensory and autonomic to the front of the body (legs, front of torso and all of the arms)Enter and make up the various nerve plexusesThicker than the dorsal

135
Q

Dorsal/Posterior Peripheral Rami

A

Back of the body NOT including the arms and legsGo to the back (turtle shell) of the bodyMuch smaller than the ventral

136
Q

“Communicating” Peripheral N Rami

A

To and from paravertebral sympathetic gangliaCommunicating sympathetics to and from the paravertebral gangliaParavertebral ganglia has a synapse between pre and post ganglionic

137
Q

Peripheral nerve distal axon projections are…

A

Superficial (to skin) and deep (to bones, joints and muscles)

138
Q

What pattern does a peripheral nerve display when damaged?

A

“Peripheral” patternUlnar nerve, median nerve, etc. pattern

139
Q

Dermatome

A

The dermis innervated by a single spinal nerve

140
Q

Myotome

A

The muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

141
Q

Where do peripheral nerves get their blood supply?

A

Arterial branches

142
Q

Myelinated vs unmyelinated axons

A

Myelinated = wrapped in myelin many timesUnmyelinated = single layer of myelin

143
Q

Endoneurium

A

Separates individual axons

144
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds bundles of axons and creates fasciclesEach fascicle is designated for a slightly different spot on the skin/muscle

145
Q

Epineurium

A

Encloses the entire nerve trunkGathers fascicles into a nerve

146
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4Motor, sensory, sympatheticMixes spinal into peripheral for the neck and tops of shoulders

147
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5-T1Motor, sensory, sympatheticMixes spinal into peripheral for the arms

148
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4Motor, sensory, sympatheticMixes spinal into peripheral for the front of the legs

149
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-S4Motor, sensory, and parasympatheticMixes spinal into peripheral for the bottom and back of legs

150
Q

Name the two principles of a plexus

A

One peripheral nerve gets axons from many different spinal levelsOne spinal level sends axons to many different peripheral nerves

151
Q

Motor damage to a peripheral nerve leads to..

A

Paralysis or at least major weakness in one or more muscles

152
Q

Motor damage to a spinal nerve leads to..

A

Minor weakness in one or more muscles

153
Q

Sensory damage to a peripheral nerve leads to…

A

Sensory loss in a “peripheral nerve” patternIncludes some, but not all, of many dermatomes

154
Q

Sensory damage to a spinal nerve leads to..

A

Sensory loss in a “dermatomal” pattern Includes some, but not all, of many peripheral nerves

155
Q

Spinal nerves are especially at risk for damage from..

A

Bulging intervertebral discsDeflation of an intervertebral disc

156
Q

4 reasons movement is essential for nerve health

A

Improves blood flowFacilitates gliding of fascicles and nervesFacilitates axoplasmic transport”Wrinkling” of axons within endoneurium

157
Q

The Neuromuscular Junction is only ____. Denervation here leads to ___.

A

ExcitatoryMuscle fibers become malnourished and waste away

158
Q

Dysfunction of Peripheral Nerves leads to ___ changes (5)

A

SensoryAutonomicMotorFibrillationsTrophic changes

159
Q

Explain the sensory changes that occur with peripheral nerve dysfunction

A

Location depends on if spinal or peripheralSeverity depends on if partial or complete injuryCan be anesthetic or analgesic

160
Q

Explain the autonomic changes that occur with peripheral nerve dysfunction

A

Decreased autonomic functionIn peripheral named nerves: only sympathetic problems–skin becomes dry and red

161
Q

Explain the motor changes that occur with peripheral nerve dysfunction

A

Location depends on if spinal or peripheralSeverity depends on if partial or complete injuryEX: peroneal N is half damaged –> anterior tibialis is weakened

162
Q

Mononeuropathy

A

One nerve involvedEX: R handed carpal tunnel = R median N is damaged at the wrist

163
Q

Multiple mononeuropathy

A

Involvement of two or more discrete nerves in different parts of the bodyEX: bilateral carpal tunnel = R/L median nerves damaged at the wrist

164
Q

Polyneuropathy

A

Most common presentation is symmetrical loss of sensory, motor and autonomic function that starts distal and progresses proximal (generally feet before hands)

165
Q

Name the 3 types of mononeuropathy

A

Traumatic myelinopathyTraumatic axonopathySeverance

166
Q

Traumatic myelinopathy

A

Temporary disruption of conduction along axon membraneAxon remains intactDemyelination is possibleRecovery potential is excellent

167
Q

Traumatic axonopathy

A

Axon and myelin degenerateConnective tissue “tube” remains intactWallerian degeneration occursRecovery potential very goodAxon will likely regrow into connective tissue “tube” at the rate of 1 in/month (regenerative sprouting)

168
Q

Severance

A

Laceration (complete cut) or Avulsion (tear apart by stretching)Axon and myelin degenerateConnective tissue “tube” is severed or disruptedWallerian degeneration distal to severanceRecovery potential is fairAxons will attempt to regrow but may not find CT tube or may grow into the wrong tube

169
Q

What happens if an axon doesn’t find it’s tube after severance occurs?

A

Sprouts can form a neuroma which is mechanically or chemically sensitive and leads to neuropathic pain

170
Q

What happens if an axon finds the wrong tube after severance occurs?

A

The axon regrows but will not recover its function

171
Q

Name 3 common etiologies of polyneuropathy

A

DiabetesNutritional deficitsAutoimmune disease (Guillan-Barre)

172
Q

Cauda equina

A

Spinal nerves inside the bony spinal column below L1LMN motor axons

173
Q

If the cauda equina is damaged, what happens to the stretch reflex?

A

Diminished because of LMN damage

174
Q

Why are there cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

More cell bodies and LMN for the function of the arms and legs

175
Q

Medial division fibers of the dorsal root

A

Sensory fibersGo into the dorsal columnTouch and proprioception

176
Q

Lateral division fibers of the dorsal root

A

Sensory axons of pain that cross the midline before going up the anterolateral column

177
Q

C7 and above spinal nerves exit ___.

A

Above corresponding vertebrae

178
Q

C8 spinal nerve exits ___.

A

Between C7 and T1

179
Q

T1 and below spinal nerves exit ___.

A

Below corresponding vertebrae

180
Q

White communicating rami contains ___.

A

Sympathetic ganglia

181
Q

Gray communicating rami contains ___.

A

Sympathetic ganglia

182
Q

Propriospinal axons

A

White matterInterneurons that travel between spinal segments to help coordinate multi-segment reflexes and the stepping pattern generator

183
Q

Tract axons

A

White matterVertical column

184
Q

Lateral horn

A

Gray matterEfferent autonomicCell bodies in preganglionic autonomic

185
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Gray matterSensory cell bodiesPrimary synapse: pain and temperature

186
Q

Lateral column

A

Lateral corticospinal tract (biggest in lat col)Rubrospinal tract (flexors)Motor to distal muscles

187
Q

Dorsal column

A

Medial lemniscusLight touch Conscious proprioception

188
Q

Anterolateral column

A

Lateral spinothalamic tractAnterior spinothalamic tractDiscriminitive painDivergent pain

189
Q

Light touch sensory synapse is in the ___.

A

Medulla

190
Q

2 Functions of the Spinal Cord

A

Integrate informationTransmit information

191
Q

Afferent input to the spinal cord can modify ___.

A

The effects of descending commands

192
Q

Descending commands in the spinal cord can modify ___.

A

The effects of afferent input

193
Q

Central pattern generators

A

Flexible networks of interneurons that produce purposeful movement

194
Q

Simple reflexes

A

Autogenic facilitation (muscle spindle or quick stretch reflex)-Monosynaptic-Stretch of muscle facilitates the same muscle-Takes a strong stimulus (normally)

195
Q

Multisegmental reflexes

A

Withdrawal Reflex-Multisynaptic-Afferent pain causes muscle contraction at multiple joints/muscles-Takes a strong stimulus (normally)

196
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When an agonist is facilitated, antagonists are inhibited-Facilitate alpha motor neurons on one side and inhibit them on the other

197
Q

Reciprocal inhibition occurs with ___.

A

Voluntary movementReflex

198
Q

T/F: Reciprocal inhibition can be suppressed

A

True

199
Q

What is the reflex stimulus and response for the bladder reflex?

A

Stimulus: stretch of bladderResponse: contraction of bladder (empties)

200
Q

Descending parasympathetic control of the bladder reflex results in ___.

A

Facilitation of the voiding reflex

201
Q

Descending sympathetic control of the bladder reflex results in ___.

A

Inhibition of the voiding reflex

202
Q

Descending voluntary control of the bladder reflex is ___.

A

Very limited

203
Q

When the bladder is stretched and it is “okay to go” ___.

A

Descending parasympathetic control is strongest and facilitates the voiding reflex

204
Q

When the bladder is stretched and it is “not okay to go” ___.

A

Descending sympathetic control is strongest and inhibits the voiding reflex

205
Q

If the spinal cord is damaged above the lumbar level, the bladder reflex is ___.

A

Stronger and easier to elicit”Spastic” bladder

206
Q

If the cauda equine is damaged, the bladder reflex is ___.

A

Absent”Flaccid” bladder

207
Q

Describe segmental function/dysfunction in the spinal cord

A

Signs and symptoms are at the level of the lesion onlyDermatomal sensory loss (no sensory can get in)Myotomal motor loss (no motor can get out)

208
Q

Describe vertical tract function/dysfunction in the spinal cord

A

Sensory loss at all segments below lesionMotor loss at all segments below lesionAutonomic loss at all segments below lesion

209
Q

Describe how motor loss occurs in vertical tract dysfunction

A

UMN paralysis leads to UMN hyperreflexia (stretch or cutaneous)

210
Q

If only half of the spinal cord is damaged, describe how vertical tract function/dysfunction presents

A

Dorsal column signs are ipsilateral (touch and proprioception)Anterolateral column signs are contralateral (pain and temperature)Corticospinal signs are ipsilateral (voluntary motor function)

211
Q

Describe segmental and vertical tract dysfunction in the spinal cord

A

Loss of segmental function at one levelLoss of vertical tract function at all levels below

212
Q

Anterior cord syndrome

A

Lose motor, pain, and temperature

213
Q

Central cord syndrome

A

Lose pain, temperature and proximal motor

214
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

Lose touch and proprioception ipsilaterallyLose pain and temperature contralaterallyLose voluntary motor function ipsilaterally

215
Q

Cauda Equina syndrome

A

LMN signs and symptoms:-Loss of reflexes (stretch and cutaneous)-Atrophy of denervation-Hypotonia/flaccidity-“Flaccid” paralysis-Fibrillations

216
Q

Lesions above lumbar cord result in ___ bladder. Explain.

A

“Spastic” bladderSimilar to UMN damage which results in hyperreflexive smooth muscleBladder reflex still intact

217
Q

Lesions of the cauda equina result in ___ bladder. Explain.

A

“Flaccid” bladderSimilar to LMN damage which results in hyporeflexive smooth muscleBladder reflex is not intact (reflex loop has been cut)

218
Q

Traumatic SCI: Spinal Shock DefinitionAffect on reflexes initially and later on

A

Period of time after injury that non-damaged neurons are in shock and do not functionSpinal level and autonomic reflexes are temporarily absent and then become hyperactive (spastic)

219
Q

Tetraplegia (quadriplegia)

A

4 limbs affectedDamage to cervical spinal cord

220
Q

Paraplegia

A

2 legs affectedDamage below cervical spinal cord

221
Q

Neurologic level

A

Lowest level or segment of spinal cord that still has normal motor and sensory function

222
Q

How do you determine if someone has “normal” motor function?

A

MMT of fair in the key muscle for that spinal level

223
Q

Abnormal reflexes display changes ___ the level of injury.

A

Below

224
Q

2 plastic changes that occur with chronic spinal cord injury

A

HyperreflexiaEnhanced withdrawal response to cutaneous stimuli

225
Q

3 mechanical changes in affected muscles with chronic spinal cord injury

A

AtrophyFibrosisContracture

226
Q

Describe the atrophy that occurs with chronic spinal cord injury

A

Can be disuse or denervationDisuse if cut at a spinal levelDenervation if cut at a LMNDenervation leads to Wallerian degeneration and muscle wasting

227
Q

Describe the fibrosis that occurs with chronic spinal cord injury

A

Muscle wastes away

228
Q

Name the three most common sites of contracture with a SCI

A

PlantarflexorsHamstringsHip flexors

229
Q

3 types of autonomic dysfunction in chronic spinal cord injury

A

Autonomic dysreflexia or hyperreflexiaImpaired body temperature regulationOrthostatic hypotension

230
Q

Describe the autonomic dysreflexia or hyperreflexia that occurs with chronic spinal cord injury

A

Visceral stimulus produces an overresponseNo sympathetic control causes the flight or flight response to anything noxious

231
Q

Describe the impaired body temperature regulation that occurs with chronic spinal cord injury

A

Especially with sympathetic control impairmentThe higher the injury, the more impairment

232
Q

Describe the orthostatic hypotension that occurs with chronic spinal cord injury

A

NORMALLY: Sympathetic nervous system squeezes venuoles which results in squeezing the blood into the circulation to raise the BP when standingSympathetic nervous system is not working properly so cannot squeeze the venuoles

Neuroscience (By Chapter) (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions