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Neuroscience (By Chapter) > Ch. 6: Somatosensory System > Flashcards

Ch. 6: Somatosensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Spinoreticular Tract

A
  • Divergent
  • C Fibers
  • Slow pain/temp
  • Arouses due to pain
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2
Q

Spinoreticular Neurons

A
  • 1st Order: periphery to dorsal horn
  • Cross Midline
  • 2nd Order: dorsal horn to reticular formation
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3
Q

Spinomesencephalic Tract

A
  • Divergent
  • C Fibers
  • Slow Pain
  • Through superior colliculus to orient head to pain
  • Cause activation of brain to turn down pain signal (pain control)
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4
Q

Anterolateral Columns

A
  • Spinothalamic
  • Pain/Temp
  • Conscious Relay

-Peripheral Neurons: A-Delta
, course touch
-Somatotopic organization

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5
Q

Divergent Pathways

A
  • Pain/Temp
  • mediate automatic movement, automatic response and emotional response to pain
  • signal to autonomic and limbic centers
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6
Q

Spinomesencephalic Neurons

A
  • 1st Order: Periphery to dorsal horn (with vertical branches to other levels)
  • Cross Midline
  • 2nd Order: dorsal horn to superior colliculus and periaqueductal grey
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7
Q

Spinothalamic Neurons

A
  • 1st: periphery to dorsal horn
  • Cross Midline
  • 2nd: dorsal horn to thalamus
  • 3rd: thalamus to parietal cortex
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8
Q

Unconscious Relay

A
  • Body to subconscious (terminates in cerebellum)
  • Via: Ia, Ib, II neurons
  • Senses: unconscious proprioception
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9
Q

Fidelity of Pathways

A

High vs Low

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10
Q

Low Fidelity Pathways

A
  • non-discriminative

- little somatotopic organization

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11
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway Neurons

A
  • 1st Order: periphery to medulla
  • 2nd Order: medulla to thalamus
  • 3rd Order: thalamus to parietal cortex
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12
Q

High Fidelity Pathways

A
  • Discriminitive

- high degree of somatotopic organization

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13
Q

Somatotopic Organization

A

-organized by location

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14
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway

A
  • DC/ML
  • Conscious (to cortex)
  • Peripheral Neurons: Ia, Ib, A-beta, (II)
  • Modalities: discriminative touch, conscious proprioception
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15
Q

Branches of 1st Order Neurons in Dorsal Column

A

1: to dorsal column (conscious proprioception)
2: to ventral horn (spinal level Mm reflex)
3: to cerebellum (lateral column)

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16
Q

Divergent Pathways

A
  • Body–>subconscious
  • Terminate in autonomic & Limbic centers
  • C Neurons
  • Sense: slow pain
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17
Q

Proprioception

A
  • deep sensation from Mm and joints
  • knowledge where body is in space
  • have fastest conducting axons in body
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18
Q

Perception

A
  • interpretation of sensation
  • to make meaning of sensation
  • occurs in cerebrum (parietal cortex)
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19
Q

Discriminative Touch

A

-can differentiate quality and location of touch

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20
Q

Exteroception

A
  • feeling from the body’s surface

- Subset: pain/temp

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21
Q

Sensation

A
  • actual signals coming in and being aware of them

- actual characteristics of an input

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22
Q

Modality-Specific receptors

A
  • (pseudounipolar)
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
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23
Q

Tonic receptors

A

receptors respond as long as stimulus is maintained

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24
Q

Routing of Sensation

A
  • Conscious Awareness

- Automatic adjustment to posture and movement

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25
Q

Unconscious Awareness

A
  • sensory signals to cerebellum and subcortical areas (limbic) are unconscious
  • automatic adjustment to posture and movement
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26
Q

Nociceptors

A
  • Subset of modality specific receptors
  • sensitive to stimuli that damage or threaten to damage tissue
  • stimulus–>pain
  • have high threshold
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27
Q

Phasic receptors

A
  • respond to a constant stimulus then stops

- tells when stimulus arrives, moves and leaves

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28
Q

Conscious Awareness

A

-signal goes to cerebral cortex and person becomes aware of it

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29
Q

Somatosensory Peripheral Neurons Morphology

A

pseudounipolar

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30
Q

Naming/Classification System of neurons

A
  • Smaller letters and #’s=larger diameter and more myelination=faster
  • Ia, Ib, II, A-Beta, A-Delta, C
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31
Q

Ia, Ib, II Sensory neurons

A
  • proprioception
  • muscle spindles and tendons
  • fastest: Ia–Ib–II
  • Signals from Mm and joints
  • Myelinated
32
Q

A-Beta

A
  • exteroception
  • Touch of skin and subQ
  • myelinated
  • axons from body surface
33
Q

A-Delta

A
  • fast localized pain and temp (discriminative)
  • superficial and deep
  • myelinated
  • sharp pain
34
Q

C

A
  • slow non-localized pain and temp
  • superficial and deep
  • non-myelinated
  • prolonged ache
35
Q

Receptive Field

A

-Area of skin’s surface supplied by terminal branches of a single axon

36
Q

Superficial Skin Sensation (4 categories)

A
  1. fine touch
  2. course touch
  3. Pain
  4. Temp
37
Q

Cutaneous Fine touch

A
  • Smaller receptive fields
  • axons closer to surface
  • better able to discriminate

-light touch, vibration, pressure, hair displacement

38
Q

Density of Receptors

A
  • # of terminal axon branches in any receptive field

- smaller and densest in areas of body that explore environment (hands, feet, mouth)

39
Q

Fine Touch

A
  • Specialized receptor + A-beta neuron
  • Cutaneous and SubQ
  • Fine=discriminative
40
Q

SubQ Fine Touch

A
  • larger receptive fields
  • touch, vibration, skin stretch
  • less able to discriminate
41
Q

Pain

A
  • Free nerve ending plus A-delta and C fibers

- nociceptors

42
Q

Course Touch

A
  • Free nerve endings plus A-delta and C neurons

- know there is a touch but not specific location

43
Q

Dermatome

A

-all sensory input from one dermatome (spinal level)

44
Q

Spinal Nerve

A
  • all sensory input to one spinal segment

- ex: C8 is part of the old neural tube that was connected to the 8th somite

45
Q

Peripheral Nerve

A

-part of one dermatome and/or combo of parts of several dermatomes

46
Q

If you can map a dermatome pattern of sensory loss:

A

it is a spinal nerve problem

47
Q

A peripheral nerve always has____

A

2+ dermatomes in them

48
Q

3 sensations transmitted by muscle spindles

A
  1. Muscle length (absolute)
  2. Change in muscle length
  3. Rate of change in muscle length
49
Q

Temperature

A
  • Free nerve ending plus A-delta and C fibers

- thermoreception

50
Q

If you can map out a pattern of peripheral Nerve sensory loss:

A

it is a problem of peripheral nerves

51
Q

Muscle Spindles

A
  • transmit signals based on length of muscle and change in Mm length and rate of change of Mm length
  • buried longitudinally in Mm
  • increased # of signals when stretched (Mm lengthened)
52
Q

Nuclear Bag Sensory Receptors

A

transmit change in Mm length and rate of change in Mm length

53
Q

2 Mm fibers in Mm

A

Intrafusal & extrafusal

54
Q

5 components of Mm spindle

A
  1. nuclear bag sensory receptors
  2. nuclear chain sensory rec
  3. Group Ia sensory axons
  4. Group II sensory axons
  5. Muscle fibers (extra/intrafusal)
55
Q

Extrafusal Mm Fibers

A
  • outside Mm spindle
  • cause overall contraction of Mm and movement of body segment
  • innervated by A-alpha axons
56
Q

Nuclear Chain sensory receptors

A

Transmit:

  • change in Mm length
  • rate of change in Mm length
  • absolute length
57
Q

Intrafusal Fibers

A
  • inside Mm spindle
  • keep spindles sensitive to change of length while muscle is contracting
  • innervated by A-gamma axons
58
Q

A-gamma motor neurons

A
  • innervate intrafusal Mm fibers

- (keep spindle sensitive to length change during muscle contraction)

59
Q

Group Ia Sensory Axons

A

Transmit:

  • change in Mm length
  • rate of change in length
60
Q

Group II Sensory Axons

A

Transmit:

-Absolute Mm Length

61
Q

A-alpha motor neurons

A

Innervate extrafusal Mm fibers

to contract Mm

62
Q

GTO

A
  • golgi tendon organs
  • specialized mechanoreceptors in Mm tendons
  • depol with increased tenson in Mm and tendon
  • Transmit via: Ib sensory axons
63
Q

Capsule receptors

A
  • Sense relative stretch on capsule
  • especially passive movement & extremes of range
  • joint movment
64
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A
  • no specialized receptors
  • transmit pain & inflammation
  • high threshold
  • pain=excessive mechanical stimulation
  • inflammation=excessive chemical stimulation (or pressure)
65
Q

3 Joint receptors

A
  • Capsule Rec
  • Ligament Rec
  • Free nerve Endings
66
Q

Sensory Pathways to brain

3 types

A
  • conscious relay
  • divergent pathways
  • unconscious relay
67
Q

Ligament Receptors

A

Sense force or tension in ligaments

68
Q

4 Proprioception Structures

A
  • Muscle Spindles
  • tendon rec
  • joint rec (capsule/ligament/free nerve endings)
  • cutaneous mechanoreceptors
69
Q

Components of sensory pathways to Brain

A
  • projection neurons

- interneurons

70
Q

conscious relay

A
  • body–>cerebral cortex

- Senses: light touch, conscious proprioception, fast pain

71
Q

Projection Neurons

A
  • multipolar neurons(relay messengers) in spinal cord and brain
  • 2nd/3rd order neurons
  • relay info from 1st order neurons to target
72
Q

1st order Neurons

A

pseudounipolar neurons in periphery that get sensory info first

73
Q

interneuron

A
  • connect projection neurons together
  • very short distances
  • may modify signals (to send or not to send)
74
Q

Branches of 1st order neurons in dorsal horn

A
  • dorsal column
  • ventral horn (Mm reflex)
  • cerebellum
75
Q

Association Cortex

A
  • signal from post central gyrus to parietal lobe

- perception

76
Q

Primary cortex

A
  • pathway terminates in primary sensory area in post central gyrus of parietal lobe
  • sensation

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