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Neuroscience (By Chapter) > Exam #4 Info > Flashcards

Exam #4 Info Flashcards

1
Q

There are __ pairs of cranial nerves. Explain where they exit relative to the brainstem

A

Twelve11 exit anterior1 exits posterior

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2
Q

What areas of the body do the cranial nerves innervate?

A

HeadNeckThoraxUpper abdomen

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3
Q

What are the three basic functions of cranial nerves?

A

Motor innervationSomatosensory and special sensory innervationParasympathetic innervation

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4
Q

Cranial N I Name, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

OlfactoryFunction: smellConnection to brain: inferior frontal lobe

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5
Q

Cranial N IIName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

OpticFunction: visionConnection to brain: diencephalon

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6
Q

Cranial N IIIName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

OculomotorFunction: Moves eye up and down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil; adjusts the shape of the lens of the eyeConnection to brain: midbrain (anterior)

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7
Q

Cranial N IVName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

TrochlearFunction: moves eye medially and downConnection to brain: midbrain (posterior)

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8
Q

Cranial N VName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

TrigeminalFunction: facial sensation, chewing, sensation from TMJConnection to brain: pons (lateral)

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9
Q

Cranial N VIName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

AbducensFunction: abducts the eyeConnection to brain: between pons and medulla

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10
Q

Cranial N VIIName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

FacialFunction: facial expression, closes eye, tears, salivation, tasteConnection to brain: between pons and medulla

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11
Q

Cranial N VIIIName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

VestibulocochlearFunction: sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement; hearingConnection to brain: between pons and medulla

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12
Q

Cranial N IXName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

GlossopharyngealFunction: swallowing, salvation and tasteConnection to brain: medulla

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13
Q

Cranial N XName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

VagusFunction: regulates viscera, swallowing, speech, tasteConnection to brain: medulla

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14
Q

Cranial N XIName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

AccessoryFunction: Elevates shoulders, turns headConnection to brain: spinal cord and medulla

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15
Q

Cranial N XIIName, Related function, and Connection to brain

A

HypoglossalFunction: moves tongueConnection to brain: medulla

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16
Q

Cranial N I: OlfactoryNormal function

A

Sensory

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17
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

From nasal chemoreceptors to olfactory bulbIn roof of the sinus in porous bone

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18
Q

Olfactory tract

A

Is what’s seen on gross brain dissectionCarries the smell message to the frontal lobe

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19
Q

Cranial N I: OlfactoryDysfunction

A

Damage with TBICannot smellLink with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

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20
Q

Cranial N II: OpticNormal function

A

SensoryConscious vision: Optic tract –> Occipital cortexReflex response: Optic tract –> Midbrain nuclei (superior colliculus)

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21
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Next location in visual pathway after optic NWhere half of the axons from each retina cross the midline

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22
Q

Optic tract

A

Connects the axons to the thalamus

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23
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

A

Cranial Nn cortical tractCortical control over some cranial Nn from the cortex

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24
Q

Cranial nerves are a type of __ nerve

A

Peripheral

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25
Q

All sensory pathways connect through the ___.

A

Thalamus

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26
Q

Cranial N II: OpticDysfunction

A

BlindnessLose depth perceptionDisruption of pupillary light reflex

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27
Q

Cranial Nn III, IV, and VI: oculomotor, trochlear and abducensNormal function

A

Motor control of six extra ocular musclesParasympathetic innervation of the eyePupillary Light ReflexConsensual Light ReflexAccommodation Reflex

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28
Q

CN III controls which extraocular muscles? What eye movements does it result in?

A

Medial rectusSuperior rectusInferior rectusInferior obliqueAdducts, elevates and depresses the eye

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29
Q

CN IV controls which extraocular muscles? What eye movements does it result in?

A

Superior obliqueLook in toward the tip of the nose

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30
Q

CN VI controls which extraocular muscles? What eye movements does it result in?

A

Lateral rectusMoves the eye laterally

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31
Q

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

Wiring bundle that interconnects all CN on both sides of the brainstem and integrates that with the inner ear

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32
Q

What CN does the parasympathetic innervation of the eye travel with?

A

CN III

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33
Q

What affect does the parasympathetic innervation of the eye have?

A

Constricts pupil (via pupillary sphincter)Increases curvature of lens for near vision (via ciliary muscle)

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34
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex

A

Constricts the pupil in the same eye to lightReflex onlyOptic (afferent)Oculomotor (efferent)

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35
Q

Consensual Light Reflex

A

Constricts the opposite pupil to lightReflex onlyOptic (afferent)Oculomotor (efferent)

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36
Q

Accommodation Reflex

A

Compensations to focus in near visionDriven by conscious visionPupils constrictEyes converge (adduct)Lens becomes more convex

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37
Q

Cranial N III: OculomotorDysfunction

A

PtosisAffected eye looks down and outDiplopiaDifficulty moving eye medially, downward and upwardDilation of pupilLoss of pupillary light reflex and consensual light reflexLoss of constriction of pupil for focus on near object

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38
Q

Cranial N IV: TrochlearDysfunction

A

Cannot look down and inExtorsion

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39
Q

Cranial N VI: AbducensDysfunction

A

Inability to abduct eyeResting position of eye drifts medially

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40
Q

Cranial N V: TrigeminalNormal function

A

Mixed sensory and motor3 branchesAfferent pathwaysEfferent pathwaysReflexes

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41
Q

Name the three branches of the trigeminal N

A

Ophtalmic: of the eyeMaxillary: top of the jawMandibular: bottom of the jaw

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42
Q

Describe the 4 afferent pathways of the trigeminal N.

A

Discriminitive touch (face, eye, tongue): sensory receptor –> somatosensory cortexProprioception: sensory receptor –> reticular formationNociception (fast pain): nociceptor –> somatosensory cortexNociception (slow pain): nociceptor –> limbic system and cortex

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43
Q

Describe the efferent pathway of the trigeminal N

A

Muscles of mastication

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44
Q

Describe the two reflexes of the trigeminal N

A

Blink reflex: input CN V, output CN VIIJaw jerk reflex: input CN V, output CN VII

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45
Q

Cranial N V: TrigeminalDysfunction

A

Loss of touch, pain, temperature on facePossible loss of blink reflexPossible loss of jaw jerk reflex (jaw deviates toward involved side with active opening)Trigeminal Neuralgia

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46
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Trigeminal N painAllodyniaHyperalgesia

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47
Q

Cranial N VII: FacialNormal Function

A

Motor function: facial expression musclesParasympathetic: salivary, nasal and lacriminal glandsSensory: taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue

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48
Q

Cranial N VII: FacialDysfunction

A

Paralysis or paresis of all ipsilateral muscles of facial expression (Bell’s Palsy)

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49
Q

Is Bell’s Palsy a result of UMN or LMN damage?

A

LMN

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50
Q

Cranial N VIII: VestibulocochlearNormal Function

A

SensoryTransduction of soundFrequency codingAuditory function within the CNS

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51
Q

Name the two divisions of Cranial N VIII: Vestibulocochlear

A

Vestibular divisionCochlear division

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52
Q

Explain the transduction of sound.

A

Air waves are converted to water waves which bend hair cells to create APDifferent set of hair cells for each frequency you hear

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53
Q

Frequency Coding

A

Different part of the cochlea for every frequency you hear

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54
Q

Name the 3 auditory functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve within the CNS

A

1) Orientation of head and eyes toward sound (inf colliculus helps localize)2) Increase arousal within CNS (reticular formation)3) Conscious awareness and recognition of sounds (thalamus to auditory cortex)

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55
Q

Cranial N VIII: VestibulocochlearDysfunction

A

Dizziness/dysequilibriumHearing Loss Difficulty locating sounds in spaceTinitus

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56
Q

Name the two types of hearing loss associated with Vestibulocochlear N Dysfunction

A

Conductive hearing lossSensorineural hearing loss

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57
Q

Describe conductive hearing loss

A

Cannot convert air waves to water wavesExcessive wax: prevents the eardrum from moving so air waves cannot get to the middle earOtitis media: air waves reach the middle ear but do not change into water waves

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58
Q

Otitis media

A

Middle ear infection or fullness/inflammation

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59
Q

Describe sensorineural hearing loss

A

Problem in sensation or nervous system pathwayHair cells that create AP can become damaged or dieDamage to receptor cells or cochlear nerve

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60
Q

Causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A

Peripheral nerve (CN VIII)Acoustic neuromaTinnitusCochlear Nuclei/central pathways (i.e. brainstem stroke)

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61
Q

Acoustic neuroma

A

Tumor that compresses CN VIII almost exclusively so that the AP can never get in to the brainstem

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62
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing in the earSign of damage to the hearing pathway in the ear

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63
Q

Cranial N IX: GlossopharyngealNormal function

A

Mixed sensory, motor, and autonomic

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64
Q

The sensory component of the glossopharyngeal nerve consists of ___.

A

Somatosensation from posterior tongue, soft palate and pharynx (sensory part of the gag and swallow reflexes)Taste sensation from the posterior tongue (bitter taste)

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65
Q

Cranial N IX: GlossopharyngealDysfunction

A

Loss of afferent gag reflexLoss of afferent swallow reflexDecrease salivation

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66
Q

What is a consequence of the loss of a swallow reflex?

A

Aspiration

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67
Q

Cranial N X: VagusNormal function

A

Mixed sensory, motor and autonomic

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68
Q

The sensory component of the Vagus N goes to __.

A

LarynxPharynxViscera

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69
Q

The motor component of the Vagus N goes to __.

A

LarynxPharynx

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70
Q

The autonomic component of the Vagus N goes to __.

A

LarynxPharynxTracheaLungsHeartUpper GIPancreasGall bladderLiver

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71
Q

Cranial N X: VagusDysfunction

A

Difficulty speakingHoarse voiceDifficulty swallowingAssymetric elevation of soft palateLoss of efferent gag reflexLoss of efferent swallow reflexPoor digestion

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72
Q

Cranial N XI: AccessoryNormal function

A

Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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73
Q

Cranial N XI: AccessoryDysfunction of LOWER motor neuron

A

“Flaccid” paralysis of ipsilateral upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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74
Q

Cranial N XI: AccessoryDysfunction of UPPER motor neuron

A

“Spastic” paresis of contralateral upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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75
Q

Cranial N XII: HypoglossalNormal Function

A

Motor: intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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76
Q

Cranial N XII: HypoglossalDysfunction

A

Atrophy of ipsilateral tongueTongue drifts toward side of lesion when “stuck out”Difficulty speaking and swallowing

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77
Q

Name the three stages of swallowing

A

Oral stageLaryngeal/Pharyngeal stageEsophageal stage

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78
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the oral stage of swallowing and what is their function?

A

V: moves the jawVII: keeps the mouth closedXII: tongue moves food back and forth to be chewed up and then to the throat for swallowing

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79
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the laryngeal/pharyngeal stage of swallowing and what is their function?

A

IX: sense the presence of foodX: starts the swallow when the context is right

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80
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the esophageal stage of swallowing and what is their function?

A

X: closes the windpipe and squeezes the food down the esophagus

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81
Q

What structures are involved in speaking and which cranial nerve corresponds with that part?

A

Larynx: CN XSoft palate: CN XLips: CN VIIJaw: CN VTongue: CN XII

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82
Q

Any cranial nerve that has ____ function and innervates ___ is a ___ motor neuron.

A

SomatomotorSkeletal/striated muscles in the head or neckLower

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83
Q

Name the three systems controlling cranial nerve lower motor neurons.

A

Corticobulbar Tract (upper motor neurons)Descending limbic pathwaysSensory input (reflexes)

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84
Q

Three inferior to superior divisions of the brainstem and their cranial nerves

A

Medulla: CN IX, X, XI, XIIPons: CN V, VI, VII, VIIIMidbrain: CN III, IV

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85
Q

Three anterior to posterior divisions of the brainstem

A

Base (basilar): motorTegmentum: sensoryTectum: eye movements and movements of the head

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86
Q

Describe the pyramids of the medulla

A

VentralWhite matterCorticospinal tract Voluntary motor

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87
Q

The dorsal medulla contains __ tracts

A

Sensory tracts of touch and proprioception

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88
Q

The basilar portion of the medulla contains __. (2)

A

Corticospinal tractsMedial lemniscus

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89
Q

The tegmentum portion of the medulla contains __.

A

Spinothalamic tractsTigeminothalamic tractsReticular formationAutonomic “control” nucleiCranial nerve nuclei IX, X, XII

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90
Q

The ventral pons contains __.

A

“Bulge” of pontine nuclei and pontocerebellar fibersCranial nerve roots V, VI, VII, VIII

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91
Q

The dorsal pons contains __.

A

Cerebellar peduncles

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92
Q

The basilar portion of the pons contains __.

A

Corticospinal tractPontine nuclei (origin of pontocerebellar fibers)Corticobrainstem tract

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93
Q

The tegmentum portion of the pons contains __.

A

Medial lemniscus (touch and proprioception)Spinothalamic tractsTrigeminothalamic tractsReticular formationAutonomic “control” nucleiCranial nerve nuclei (V, VI, VII, VIII)

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94
Q

The ventral midbrain contains ___.

A

Cerebral pedunclesCranial nerve root (III)

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95
Q

The dorsal midbrain contains __.

A

Superior colliculiInferior colliculiCranial nerve root (IV)

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96
Q

The basilar portion of the midbrain contains __.

A

Cerebral pedunclesSubstantia nigra

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97
Q

The tegmentum portion of the midbrain contains __.

A

Red nucleusPedunculopontine nucleusOculomotor complex (CN III, IV)Periaqueductal gray

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98
Q

The tectum portion of the midbrain contains __.

A

Superior colliculiInferior colliculi

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99
Q

3 functions of the reticular formation

A

Integrates sensory and cortical information: helps with motor planning and regulating moodRegulates somatic motor activity, autonomic function and consciousnessModulates nociceptive/pain information

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100
Q

What other area of the brain does the reticular formation work with to make the motor plan?

A

Basal ganglia

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101
Q

2 main functions of the cerebellum

A

Coordination of movement (gross and fine)Motor planning

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102
Q

Segmental damage in the brainstem

A

Cranial nerve damageEX: Cranial N VIILower motor neuron damage”All of one side” of the face is paralyzedBell’s palsy

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103
Q

Vertical tract damage in the brainstem

A

Cortex or corticobrainstem damageUpper motor neuron damage”Lower half of one side” of face paralyzed

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104
Q

If you cannot move the upper OR lower part of the face, what kind of damage to the brainstem is it? (3 terms)

A

SegmentalCranial N VII damageLower motor neuron damage

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105
Q

If you can move the eye but NOT the mouth on one side of the face, what kind of damage to the brainstem is it? (3 terms)

A

Vertical tractCortex or corticobrainstem damageUpper motor neuron damage

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106
Q

What 3 tracts and/or nerves will damage to the anteromedial medulla affect?

A

Corticospinal tractMedial LemniscusHypoglossal N

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107
Q

What affect will damage to the corticospinal tract in the anteromedial medulla result in?

A

Paralysis of the arm/trunk/legContralateral

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108
Q

What affect will damage to the medial lemniscus tract in the anteromedial medulla result in?

A

Loss of touch from the bodyContralateral

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109
Q

What affect will damage to the hypoglossal N in the anteromedial medulla result in?

A

Paralysis of the tongueIpsilateralLower motor neuron damageAtrophy of denervation

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110
Q

In 99% of the brainstem, one sided damage will yield __.

A

Vertical tract damage = contralateral signs and symptoms (UMN damage)-Dorsal column medial lemniscus-Spinothalamic-CorticospinalCranial N nuclei damage = ipsilateral signs and symptoms (LMN damage)

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111
Q

How can brainstem region damage affect vital function?

A

Can also damage the cardiovascular and respiratory control centers int he medullaAutonomic signs are ipsilateral with one sided damage to the pons and/or medulla

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112
Q

Name the 4 D’s of Brainstem Region Dysfunction

A

DysphagiaDysarthriaDiplopiaDysmetria

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113
Q

Dysphagia:DefinitionCranial N InvolvementArea of brain affected

A

Difficulty swallowingCranial Nerves IX, XProblem of the medulla because that is where CN IX, X are

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114
Q

Dysarthria:DefinitionCranial N InvolvementArea of brain affected

A

Difficulty in the mechanical production of speechCranial Nerves V, VII, X, XIIEspecially with damage to the pons and medulla

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115
Q

Diplopia:DefinitionCranial N InvolvementArea of brain affected

A

Double visionCranial Nerves III, IV, VIDamage to the midbrain and top of medulla

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116
Q

Dysmetria:DefinitionTract InvolvementArea of brain affected

A

Cannot accurately hit a targetSpinocerebellar tract (or bottom of brainstem)Cerebellum-knows what you want to do but not what you are really doing

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117
Q

2 functions of the vestibular system

A

Keep us visually and physically steady in the worldMaintenance of balance and EQ

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118
Q

2 components of the vestibular system

A

Peripheral (inner ear and CN VIII)Central (pathway in brainstem and brain)

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119
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Almost circles off the base of the vestibular apparatus can sense any direction your head moves

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120
Q

Direction of the 3 semicircular canals on each side of the head

A

Anterior: 45 degrees out toward the frontPosterior: 45 degrees toward the backHorizontal: tipped up 30 degrees

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121
Q

Hair cells of the semicircular canals

A

In fluid at the base of the canalWhen hair cells bend one way, send more AP (when on the side the head is turning toward)When hair cells bend the other way, send less AP (when on the side the head is turning away from)

122
Q

Describe the baseline activity of the semicircular canals

A

Change action potentials with angular acceleration/decelerationAlways send a certain number of AP - ion channels are always leaking and sending AP

123
Q

Describe the “paired” activity of the semicircular canals

A

AP increase on the side toward rotation and decrease proportionately on the side away from the rotation

124
Q

Importance of semicircular canals

A

Stabilize vision when the head is moving

125
Q

Hair cells of Otolithic organs

A

In gel with rocks on top

126
Q

Baseline activity of otolithic organs

A

Change action potentials with linear acceleration/deceleration or pull of gravity

127
Q

Central Vestibular Nuclei

A

Collect information from every sensory system that sense movement and organize the output so you can move with balance and equilibriumCluster of cells at the base of the pons and medulla (base of CN VII)

128
Q

5 inputs to vestibular nuclei

A

Vestibular information (strongest)Visual informationProprioceptive informationTactile informationAuditory information

129
Q

5 outputs from vestibular nuclei

A

Medial vestibulospinal tractLateral vestibulospinal tractSpinal accessory N XICerebral cortexMedial Longitudinal FasciculusReticular formationCerebellum

130
Q

Information carried by the medial vestibulospinal tract from vestibular nuclei

A

Posture and reflex movement of head and upper body

131
Q

Information carried by the lateral vestibulospinal tract from vestibular nuclei

A

Posture and reflex movement of trunk and lower body

132
Q

Information carried by spinal accessory N XI from vestibular nuclei

A

Reflex movement of the head

133
Q

Information carried by the cerebral cortex from vestibular nuclei

A

Conscious awareness of head movement and position

134
Q

Information carried by the medial longitudinal fasciculus from vestibular nuclei

A

Coordinates reflex movements of the eyes through connections with CN III, IV, VI

135
Q

Information carried by the reticular formation from vestibular nuclei

A

Can affect level of consciousness and/or produce nausea and vomiting

136
Q

Information carried by the cerebellum from vestibular nuclei

A

Can influence posture and eye movements

137
Q

Retina receives __ information in __ orientation

A

VisualUpside down and backwards

138
Q

“Nasal” retina

A

Receives light information from “temporal” visual field

139
Q

“Temporal” retina

A

Receives light information from “nasal” visual field

140
Q

Name the 5 visual pathways

A

RetinaOptic nerveOptic chiasmOptic tractVisual information diverges in optic tract

141
Q

Optic nerve visual pathway

A

CN IIHas all the axons from one retina

142
Q

Optic chiasm visual pathway

A

Axons from the nasal retina cross the midline hereAll the information about the right side of space is on the left side of the brain and vv

143
Q

Optic tract visual pathway

A

Chiasm –> thalamusHas all axons that see one side of visual space

144
Q

3 places visual information diverges in the optic tract

A

Superior colliculusPretectal areaThalamus –> occipital cortex

145
Q

The superior colliculus contributes to __.

A

Orientation and visually guided eye movementsLight information from the eyes to guide reflex movements

146
Q

The pretectal area contributes to __.

A

Pupillary reflexesParasympathetic neurons here

147
Q

The thalamus –> occipital cortex contributes to __.

A

Conscious sight

148
Q

A stroke affecting the internal capsule can lead to __.

A

Body weakness and visual field loss

149
Q

Two main functions of eye movements

A

Keep the eyes focused on an object while the head is moving (gaze stabilization)Move the eyes to focus on an object of interest (direction of gaze)

150
Q

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)

A

Type of gaze stabilizationFast head movementsInner ear –> eye reflexKeeps eyes steady on an object of interest while the head movesUnconscious and automaticImportant for postural stability during movement

151
Q

Saccades

A

Type of direction of gazeWith head still, voluntarily move eyes from one focus point to another

152
Q

Smooth pursuit

A

Type of direction of gazeEyes move smoothly to follow an objectTests voluntary control of eye movement

153
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Thalamus –> occipital cortex (conscious sight)From visual cortex, pathway goes forward in the brain to motor planning areaVisually guides movement

154
Q

Ventral stream

A

Thalamus –> occipital cortex (conscious sight)From visual cortex, pathways goes back in the brain to inferior temporal lobeIdentify and name by vision

155
Q

Physiologic Nystagmus

A

Occurs during acceleration/deceleration of the head (when there is a difference in activity of a pair of semicircular canals)Eye “slips” opposite the direction of movement (slow phase = VOR)Eye “catches up” in the direction of movement (fast phase = saccade)

156
Q

Pathologic Nystagmus

A

Occurs when there is no appropriate stimulus (acceleration/deceleration of the head)

157
Q

Disorders of the vestibular and visual systems can occur with damage to any or all of the following: (5)

A

Peripheral receptorCranial (peripheral) nerveBrainstem nucleiCentral projection axonsCortical reception areas

158
Q

8 general signs and symptoms of disorders of the vestibular system

A

VertigoNauseaNystagmusDysequilibriumPostural instabilityImpaired gaze stabilizationOscillopsia

159
Q

Vertigo

A

Feeling that you are spinning in the world

160
Q

Oscillopsia

A

Lost gaze stabilizationVisual objects appear to “bounce” when the head is moving due to decreased VOR

161
Q

Unilateral Peripheral Hyperfunction

A

One inner ear is sending more signals than is appropriate for the current conditionsRock can get into semicircular canals and move through fluid so that even when the head is steady, rock can pull on hairs and send movement signals

162
Q

Four signs and symptoms of Unilateral Peripheral Hyperfunction; which two are most troublesome to the patient?

A

DizzinessNauseaReduced gaze stabilizationPostural instability

163
Q

Unilateral Peripheral Hypofunction

A

One inner ear is sending fewer signals than is appropriate for the current conditions

164
Q

Four signs and symptoms of Unilateral Peripheral Hypofunction; which two are most troublesome to the patient?

A

Reduced gaze stabilizationPostural instabilityDizzinessNausea

165
Q

Name the 4 lesion locations that can result in visual deficits

A

Optic nerveOptic chiasmOptic tractOptic radiations

166
Q

Describe the visual deficit associated with the optic nerve

A

One eye blindnessLose 1/4 visual space and depth perception

167
Q

Describe the visual deficit associated with the optic chasm

A

Bitemporal hemianopsiaNo peripheral vision on either sideTunnel vision

168
Q

Describe the visual deficit associated with the optic tract

A

Homonymous hemianopsiaHalf of visual field is lostOne side has no vision

169
Q

Describe the visual deficit associated with the optic radiations

A

Same as the optic tractHemianopsiaLose one half of vision

170
Q

How do you distinguish a CN II issue from a CN III, IV or VI issue?

A

CN II = visual field problemsCN III, IV, and VI = pointing the eye problems

171
Q

The thalamus is the __ to the cerebral cortex

A

Executive assistant

172
Q

Describe the relay nuclei of the thalamus

A

Carries all the modalities of sensation to the cortex and everything else going to the cortexEverything passes through with synapses in the thalamus

173
Q

Significance of a synapse in the thalamus

A

Can change the strength of the signalsSignals from all areas of the brain can influence the other area’s messages

174
Q

Name the three types of nuclei in the thalamus

A

Relay nucleiAssociation nucleiNonspecific nuclei

175
Q

What pathways are the nonspecific nuclei associated with?

A

Divergent pain

176
Q

Two functions of the hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasisModifies endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs

177
Q

Describe the two ways the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis

A

Modulates the autonomic control centers in the pons and medullaSecretes various substances (hormones, etc) into the bloodstream

178
Q

Subcortical white matter contains connections to and from __.

A

The outer (cortical) cell layer

179
Q

Name the three fiber types of subcortical white matter

A

Projection fibersCommissural fibersAssociation fibers

180
Q

Projection fibers of subcortical white matter

A

Into and out of the cerebrum”Up and down”i.e. Internal CapsuleHas every sensory and motor signal fro the head and the body

181
Q

Commissural fibers of subcortical white matter

A

Between hemispheres in the cerebrum”Side to side”i.e. Corpus CallosumAllows hemispheres to compare notes and coordinate with each other

182
Q

Association fibers of subcortical white matter

A

Within hemispheres in the cerebrum”Front to back”i.e. ventral and dorsal streams

183
Q

Basal ganglia has __ functions in addition to motor planning functions

184
Q

The basal ganglia does motor planning for ___ movements and sends those signals to both the ___.

A

Postural and voluntary movementsCortex and brainstem

185
Q

The basal ganglia’s main function __.

A

Awareness of body orientation in space

186
Q

The cerebral cortex has ___ histologically separate layers

187
Q

The corticospinal tract is also called the __ tract

188
Q

Pyramidal tract

A

DirectorCorticospinal tract

189
Q

Extrapyramidal

A

HelperNot corticospinal tract

190
Q

Name the 4 primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Primary somatosensoryPrimary auditoryPrimary visualPrimary vestibular

191
Q

Primary somatosensory

A

Post central gyrusSense the physical characteristics of things you touch Describes the physical characteristicsShape, texture, size

192
Q

Primary auditory

A

Temporal lobeBegin to describe or appreciate the character of soundsLoudness, pitch

193
Q

The vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) system projects to ___ temporal lobes which is one of the ways we can __

A

BothLocate sources of sound in 3D space

194
Q

Primary visual

A

Back of the occipital lobeBegins to describe the visual characteristics of things you seeHow light or dark something is, the edges of objects, size and shape of objects

195
Q

Primary vestibular

A

Input from vestibular nucleiSense circular head movement, linear head movement and pull of gravity

196
Q

Name the 3 parts of the Sensory association/secondary sensory areas

A

Somatosensory associationVisual associationAuditory association

197
Q

Somatosensory association

A

Parietal lobeMake meaning of the somatosensation areaCan identify an object by its physical characteristics based on what we feel (stereognosis)

198
Q

Stereognosis

A

Name objects based on what we feelSomatosensory association area

199
Q

Visual association

A

Crosses the boundary of the occipital and temporal lobesBegins to analyze objects based on their movement and colorBecause of extension into the temporal lobe (ventral stream) can name objects on what we see

200
Q

What stream (dorsal or ventral) is associated with the visual association area?

A

VentralName objects based on what we see

201
Q

Auditory association

A

Primary ear spot in the temporal lobeHelps to classify sound in 3 ways: spoken language, music, other sounds/noises

202
Q

If the auditory association area determines what you are hearing is speech it __

A

Sends the message to another area to decode the language

203
Q

5 areas of the motor planning areas

A

PremotorSupplementary motorBroca’s areaArea analogous to Broca’s areaPrimary motor

204
Q

Premotor area

A

In front of the precentral gyrusFinal planning for postural support of movementTrunk and proximal musclesExecutes postural control before voluntary movement Anticipates postural instability

205
Q

Supplementary motor

A

In front of precentral gyrusHelps sequence and initiate movement Active in motor imagery

206
Q

Broca’s area

A

Right next to temporal lobe at the bottom of the frontal lobeCreate the motor plan to physically say the words you are thinkingPhysical characteristics of speech

207
Q

For 95% of people, Broca’s area is on the __ side of the brain

A

LeftLeft hemisphere is dominant for language

208
Q

The most common thing seen clinically is ___ weakness and ___ because the left side of the brain was damaged

A

Right side weaknessInability to create speech

209
Q

Area analagous to Broca’s area

A

Right next to temporal lobe at the bottom of the frontal lobeCreates the paraverbal aspects of speechHow I say those words

210
Q

Primary motor

A

Precentral gyrusContains the corticopsinal neurons that take the plan to the bodyContains the axons that will descend through the internal capsule, cerebral peduncles and pyramids of the medulla

211
Q

Emotion

A

Short term subjective experience

212
Q

Mood

A

Sustained, subjective, ongoing emotional response

213
Q

Emotions signal ___ evaluation of a situation. Explain.

A

NonconsciousImagine forward negative consequences of a motor plan that was thought ofGut feelings signal this

214
Q

“Lateralization” of emotion

A

Positive emotions - left prefrontal cortexNegative emotions - right prefrontal cortex

215
Q

Name the 2 areas of the brain involved in emotions

A

AmygdalaOrbital cortex

216
Q

Amygdala

A

Small nucleus in the medial temporal lobeDetects emotional and social cues, generates feelings of fear

217
Q

When fear is sensed the amygdala ___.

A

Turns on the whole emotional autonomic system and helps with fight or flight

218
Q

If the amygdala is damaged….

A

Don’t interpret social cues wellFearless (don’t recognize fear)

219
Q

Orbital cortex

A

Prefrontal lobe right above the eyeInhibits undesirable behaviors

220
Q

Emotions and behavior

A

Emotion and response to threatsEmotion and decision making

221
Q

Name the 4 parts of the stress response

A

Somatic nervous systemAutonomic nervous systemNeuroendocrine systemCortisol

222
Q

Stress response: somatic nervous system

A

Increases muscle tension

223
Q

Stress response: autonomic nervous system

A

Shunts blood from skin and gut to muscles

224
Q

Stress response: neuroendocrine system

A

Enhances cardiac function, relaxes intestines, increases metabolic rateEspecially adrenal medulla

225
Q

Stress response: cortisol

A

Mobilizes energy (glucose)Suppresses immune systemServes as anti-inflammatory agentTurns on “memory maker” cells of the hippocampus

226
Q

Cells of the hippocampus are important in consolidating ___ memories and is important for __.

A

DeclarativeLTP

227
Q

Name 4 negative affects of the chronic stress response

A

Increase blood sugarImmunosuppressionBlood vessel changesDamage to cells of the hippocampus

228
Q

Chronic stress response: increased blood sugar

A

Dump too much sugar into the bloodstream all the timeCould lead to adult-onset diabetes

229
Q

Chronic stress response: immunosuppression

A

Chronically depressed immune systemCould complicate any therapy we have by making patients less able to fight off infections

230
Q

Chronic stress response: blood vessel changes

A

Blood vessels become brittle/stickyDon’t deliver blood as well

231
Q

Chronic stress response: damage to cells of the hippocampus

A

Damage to own memory-making system

232
Q

Working memory Definition

A

Maintains goal-relevant information for a short time

233
Q

Working memory is important for __.

A

Short term potentiationDivergent and convergent problem solving

234
Q

Working memory takes place in the __.

A

Prefrontal cortexParietotemporal cortex

235
Q

Working memory and multi-tasking

A

NOT the sameWorking memory is rotating thinking about each bit of information in the memory at one time

236
Q

Declarative memory definition

A

Facts, faces, dates, placesExplicit or conscious

237
Q

Name the 3 stages of declarative memory

A

EncodingConsolidationRetrieval

238
Q

Encoding stage of declarative memory

A

Form an impression of what it is you want to rememberRequires that you receive the information to determine if you want to remember it

239
Q

Consolidation stage of declarative memory

A

Stabilizes or stores memoriesRequires the hippocampusLTP

240
Q

Retrieval stage of declarative memory

A

Process of going and getting the memory and bringing it back into consciousness

241
Q

Declarative memory: Parietotemporal lobe

A

PerceivesHelps you gather the information you want to remember

242
Q

Declarative memory: Medial temporal lobe

A

ConsolidatesContains the hippocampusStores information

243
Q

Damage to the medial temporal lobe leads to ___

A

Problem creating new memoriesPost-traumatic amnesia

244
Q

Declarative memory: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Processes, organizes and retrievesGoes and gets the information when you need it

245
Q

Procedural Memory Definition

A

Skills and habitsPhysical, perceptual and cognitiveImplicit or unconscious

246
Q

Name and describe the 3 stages of procedural memory

A

Cognitive: what to doAssociative: how to do itAutonomous: do it

247
Q

Learning a motor sequence requires __. (3)

A

Frontal cortexParietal cortexBasal

248
Q

Learned movement sequences are stored in __. (2)

A

Supplementary motor areaPutamen/globus pallidus

249
Q

__ adjust movements to environmental changes (3)

A

CerebellumParietal cortexMotor cortex

250
Q

Procedural and declarative memories are created and stored in ___ areas of the brain.

251
Q

For 95% of people, the __ hemisphere is dominant for language

252
Q

Comprehension of spoken language occurs in __.

A

Wernicke’s areaPart of the parietotemporal association areaDecodes spoken language

253
Q

For 95% of people, Wernicke’s area is on the __ side of the brain.

254
Q

Comprehension of “nonverbal” and “paraverbal” aspects of spoken language occur in __.

A

Area corresponding to Wernicke’s areaHelps you pick up disconnect in statements (paraverbal doesn’t match message)

255
Q

Creation of spoken language occurs in __.

A

Broca’s areaWhere you create the motor plan to say what you are thinking

256
Q

Creation of “nonverbal” and “paraverbal” aspects of spoken language occur in __.

A

Area corresponding to Broca’s area

257
Q

Creation of motor commands for spoken language occur in __.

A

Premotor and primary motor areas

258
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms

259
Q

Spatial relationships are mediated by __.Name the 3 major components of spatial relationships.

A

Area corresponding to Wernicke’s area (non-dominant hemisphere of parietotemporal lobe)Body in relation to itselfBody in relation to the outside worldOutside world in relation to itself

260
Q

Dorsal action stream adjusts limb actions during __.

A

Visually guided movements

261
Q

Pathway of the dorsal action stream

A

Primary visual cortexVisual association cortexSomatosensory association cortexMotor planning cortexPrimary motor cortex

262
Q

Ventral perception stream helps __.

A

Identify objects that are seen

263
Q

Pathway of the ventral perception stream

A

Primary visual cortexVisual association cortexTemporal lobe

264
Q

Thalamic injury

A

Loss of contralateral sensation (esp proprioception)Thalamic pain syndrome

265
Q

Thalamic Pain Syndrome

A

Neuropathic pain appears to be coming from other side of the body but is actually coming from the thalamus

266
Q

Subcortical Injury: Internal Capsule

A

Contralateral decrease in voluntary movementContralateral decrease in postural control and automatic movement controlContralateral loss of conscious somatosensationPossible visual deficit

267
Q

Explain the possible visual deficit associated with Internal Capsule Injury

A

Homonymous hemianopsia = half of visual field is lost Contralateral visual field loss

268
Q

Basal Ganglia Injury

A

Behavioral disturbancesSigns and symptoms look like prefrontal damageDifficulty learning new sequencesDifficulty executing old sequences

269
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex injury

A

Loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

270
Q

Primary auditory cortex injury

A

Diminished ability to localize sounds

271
Q

Primary vestibular cortex injury

A

Diminished conscious awareness of head position and head movement

272
Q

Primary visual cortex injury

A

Homonymous hemianopsia

273
Q

Secondary somatosensory cortex injury

A

Asterognosis = inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation

274
Q

Secondary visual cortex injury

A

Visual agnosia = inability to recognize objects by sight

275
Q

Secondary auditory cortex injury

A

Auditory agnosia = inability to recognize objects by sound

276
Q

Injury to motor planning areas of the frontal lobe leads to what 3 problems?

A

ApraxiaMotor perseverationBroca’s aphasia

277
Q

Apraxia

A

Breakdown between concept and performanceInability to create a motor plan to move the way you are thinking

278
Q

Motor perseveration

A

Uncontrollable repetition of movementCan be motor or speech

279
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols

280
Q

Primary motor cortex injury

A

Loss of contralateral voluntary movement Dysarthria (hypokinetic)

281
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex injury

A

Loss of executive functionLoss of motivation and goal-directed behaviorLoss of divergent thinking

282
Q

Name the 4 problems associated with Parietotemporal association cortex injury

A

Loss of problem solvingDisturbance of “receptive” communication Difficulty interpreting the nonverbal and paraverbal aspects of communicationDifficulty comprehending spatial relationships

283
Q

Parietotemporal association cortex injury: Loss of problem solving

A

Convergent thinking

284
Q

Parietotemporal association cortex injury: Disturbance of “receptive” communication

A

Dominant hemisphere (95% = left)Cannot understand language

285
Q

Parietotemporal association cortex injury: Disturbance of interpreting nonverbal and paraverbal communication

A

Non-dominant hemisphere (95% = right)

286
Q

Parietotemporal association cortex injury: Difficulty comprehending spatial relationships

A

Non-dominant hemisphere (95% = right)Demonstrate left neglect

287
Q

Left neglect

A

Neglect the left side of the body because do not understand the spatial relationship of the body to itself

288
Q

Ventral AND Medial Dorsal association cortex injury

A

Disturbances of personality and emotionImpaired social judgementApathyLack of insight

289
Q

Ventral prefrontal syndrome

A

DisinhibitionLack of concern for consequencesImpulsivenessInappropriate behaviors (verbal or physical)

290
Q

4 A’s of cerebral cortex disorders

A

Aphasia: inability to produce/understand speechApraxia: cannot create a motor planAgnosia: cannot identify somethingAstereognosis: cannot identify by touch

291
Q

Good decisions require a balance between ___.

A

Amygdala (emotional, impulsive, immediate gratification)ANDDorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rational, planning, goal-oriented)

292
Q

Emotional Lability

A

Abnormal, uncontrolled and changeable expression of emotions

293
Q

Retrograde memory

A

Old memories that have already been stored

294
Q

Anterograde memory

A

New memories that you are storing

295
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Expressive, motor, nonfluentTrouble expressing and with words

296
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Receptive, sensory, fluentCannot decode and understand language

297
Q

Global aphasia

A

Damage to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areasTrouble expressing and understanding

298
Q

Damage to the area corresponding to Broca’s

A

Flat affectCannot add the paraverbal

299
Q

Damage to the area corresponding to Wernicke’s

A

Difficulty understanding nonverbal communication

300
Q

Neglect

A

Typically follows damage to right parietal and/or area corresponding to Wernicke’s areaDisplay a left sided weakness

301
Q

Inability to use visual information occurs with damage to __.

A

Dorsal visual streamVentral visual stream

302
Q

Ipsilateral “Pushing”

A

Lean toward hemiplegic sideNo clear “sidedness”Speculate a deficit in sensing postural alignment relative to gravity

Neuroscience (By Chapter) (21 decks)

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