Ch. 17: Cerebrum Flashcards
diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- subthalamus
Nonspecific Nuclei
- regulate arousal, consciousness and attention
- receives multiple inputs and projects to widespread cortical areas
- includes reticular nuclei
Association Cortices
- areas not directly involved with movement or sensation
- 3 parts: dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex, parietotemporal assoc cortex, ventral and medial dorsal assoc cortex
Pineal Gland
- endocrine gland innervated by sympathetic fibers
- regulate circadian rhythm & influence secretions of pituitary gland, adrenals, islets of langerhans and parathyroids
Subcortical White Matter
- connections to and from cortical layer
- 3 types: projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers
Association Nuclei
- process emotional and some memory info
- integrate types of sensations
3 Subcortical Structures
- subcortical white matter
- basal ganglia
- nucleus accumbens
Projection Fibers
- in and out of cerebrum (vertical)
- from subcortical to cerebral cortex
- from cortex to SC, brain stem, basal ganglia, thalamus
Ex. Internal capsule
Example of projection fibers
-internal capsule
Relay Nuclei
-convey info from sensory stems, (not olfactory) the basal ganglia or cerebellum to cortex
Commissural Fibers
- between hemispheres
- connect homologous structures of L & R
Ex. corpus collosum
Example of Commissural Fibers
corpus callosum
Thalamus
- relay nuclei
- association nuclei
- nonspecific nuclei
-executive assistant to cerebral cortex
Primary Vestibular Cortex function
-info regarding head movement/position relative to gravity
Primary Vestibular cortex location
-lateral parietal lobe post to posterior central gyrus
Somatosensory association area
- integrate tactile/proprioception from manipulation of objects
- provide stereognosis
- compare objects to memories
Somatosensory association area location
-parietal lobe post to posterior central gyrus
Dorsolateral prefrontal association area
- self-awareness and executive function
- deciding on GOALs
- PLAN how to accomplish goal
- EXECUTING a plan
- monitoring execution of plan
- what behavior to avoid
Location of prefrontal association area
-lateral anterior frontal lobe
visual association area
- analyzes color/motion (inf colliculus)
- output to tectum
- directs visual fixation
- maintenance of objects in central vision
Location of visual association area
- occipital lobe
- except very back portion
Subthalamus
- part of basal ganglia circuit regulating movement
- superior to substantia nigra
- facilitate basal ganglia output nuclei
Auditory association area
- compare sounds to memories of sounds
- categorizes sounds as language, music and noise
Location of auditory association area
-temporal lobe
epithalamus
- help regulate circadian rhythm & hormone secretion
- pineal gland
Parietotemporal association cortex
- cognitive intelligence
- problem solving
- communication comprehension
- spatial relationships
Location of parietotemporal association cortex
-lateral parietal and temporal lobes
Primary somatosensory cortex
- info from tactile/proprioceptive receptors
- identify location of stimuli/discriminate objects
- nociception/temperature
location of somatosensory cortex
-post central gyrus
primary visual cortex
- info from retina
- distinguish light/dark, shapes, location
location of primary visual cortex
-posterior occipital lobe
Ventral & Medial Dorsal Association Cortex
- impulse control
- personality
- reaction to surroundings
- connect to areas regulating mood and affect
- perceive others’ emotions, beliefs, intentions
Location of Ventral & Medial Dorsal Association Cortex
-ant frontal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
- info from cochlea
- conscious awareness to intensity of sounds
Location of Primary auditory cortex
sup, ant temporal lobe
secondary sensory association areas
-analyze sensory input from thalamus and primary sensory cortex
prolonged stress–>
increased cortisol levels which suppress immune system
Encoding
- processes info into memory representation
- enhanced by paying attn, emotional arousal, link new to old, review
3 stages of declarative memory
- encoding
- consolidation
- retrieval
Broca’s Area
-planning movement of mouth during speech and grammatical aspects of language
Location of broca’s area
- usually L hemisphere
- lateral frontal lobe
Hypothalamus
- integrate behaviors with visceral functions
- regulates eating, reproduction, defensive behavior
- regulate expression of emotion
- regulate circadian rhythms
- moderate endocrine, regulate growth, metabolism & reproductive organs
- maintain homeostasis
Basal Ganglia
- cognitive + motor function
- awareness of body in space
- memory of object location
- motivation
- ability to change behaviors as task requirements change
Association Fibers
- within hemisphere of cerebrum (front to back fibers)
- connect cortical regions within one hemisphere
Short: connect adjacent gyri
Long: connect lobes in hemisphere
Ex. cingulum
example of association fibers
-Cingulum
Hypothalamus integrates behavior with visceral function by:
- regulating pituitary gland secretions
- efferent connections to cortex
- limbic system
- brain stem and spinal cord
nucleus accumbens
-link motivation to behavior/action
declarative memory
- Info: facts, events, concepts, locations
- Location: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe
5 motor planning areas
- premotor
- supplementary motor
- broca’s area
- area analogous to broca’s
- primary motor
Area analogous to broca’s area
- plans nonverbal communication
- emotional gestures and adjusting tone of voice
Neuroendocrine stress response
- (hormonal)
- symp nerve stim–>increase release epinephrine from adrenal medulla–>increase HR and contractility & relaxed GI and increased metab rate
Premotor cortex
-control trunk and girdle muscles via medial UMN
location of premotor cortex
ant to precentral gyrus, lateral ish
procedural memory
- skilled movements and habits
- things you do without thinking about
- location: frontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia
supplementary motor cortex
- initiation of movement
- orientation of eyes and head
- planning bimanual and sequential movements
Emotion
- short term subjective experience
- 5 structures: amygdala, area 25, mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, ventral striatum, ant insula
5 structures of emotion
- amygdala
- area 25
- mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
- ventral striatum
- anterior insula
Lateralization of emotion
+ emotions: left prefrontal cortex
- emotions: right prefrontal cortex
Consolidation
- stabilizes memories
- 2 ways: synaptic (LTP), systems (across larger neural networks)
3 Stages of procedural memory
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
Somatic stress response
- motor neuron activity increases muscle tension
eg. nucleus accumbens
primary motor cortex
- receives somatosensation from thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex
- receive motor instructions from mottor planning areas
Mood
-sustained subjective, ongoing emotional response
retrieval
- pulling memories to surface
- use diff brain parts depending on how old memory is
components of communication
- comprehension of speech
- comprehension of nonverbals and paraverbals
- creation of spoken language
- creation of nonspoken language/paraverbals
- creation of motor commands for spoken language
Wernicke’s Area
in communication
comprehension of spoken language
area corresponding with wernicke’s area
in communication
-comprehension of nonverbals and paraverpals
area corresponding to broca’s
in communication
-creation of nonverbals and paraverbals
perception
-interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms
body in relation to self
in communication
-ex. knowing hand is distal to forearm
broca’s area
in communication
- creation of spoken language
- gramatical function words (a, an, the)
premotor and primary motor areas
in communication
-creation of motor commands for spoken language
Spatial relationships
- mediated by area corresponding to wernicke’s area
- 3 components: body in relation to self, body in relation to environment, environment in relation to self
body in relation to environment
- able to locate object in space
- navigate accurately
- find way w/n rooms, halls, outside
Environment in relation to self
-provide info necessary to plan route from one site to other
aspects of consciousness include:
- general level of arousal
- attention
- selection of object attention based on goals
- motivation and initiation for motor activation and cognition
- each aspect from specific NT
use of visual info
- dorsal action stream
- ventral action stream
working memory
- goal relevant info for short time
- location: prefrontal and parietotemporal association cortex
perception takes place in:
parietotemporal lobe
consolidation takes place in:
medial temporal lobe
processing/organization/retrieval takes place in:
-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
autonomic stress response
- sympathetic activity ^ bloodflow to Mm and decrease to skin, kidneys and GI
e. g midbrain reticular formation
learned movement sequence stored in
- supplementary motor area
- putamen
- globus pallidus
dorsal action stream
-adjust limb action during visually guided movements
ventral action stream
-helps ID seen objects
serotonin
- generalized arousal
- origin: raphe nuclei
Acetylcholine
- voluntary direction of attn to an obj of interes
- origin: pedunculopontine nucleus
Limits of attn
- info not attended to is not processed
- as tasks become more automatic=less attn needed
- sometimes attn needs to be divided
- attn limited by amount of effort available
- ability to switch from one task to other is limited
serotonin to:
- amygdala
- basal forebrain
- neocortex
- thalamus
- striatum
- cerebellar cortex
Norepinephrine to:
- amygdala
- neocortex
- thalamus
- cerebellar cortex
dopamine to:
- amygdala
- ventral striatum septal area
- neocortex (frontal)
- striatum
Acetylcholine to:
- amygdala
- basal forebrain
- neocortex
- thalamus
voluntary emotional regulation
-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
learning a motor sequence requires:
- frontal cortex
- parietal cortex
- basal ganglia
motor adaptation
- cerebellum
- parietal cortex
- motor cortex
adjust movement to environment changes
Norepinephrine
- attn and vigilance
- origin: locus ceruleus
dopamine
- motivation
- initiation of motor activity
- origin: ventral tegmental area
automatic emotional regulation
- rostral ant cingulate
- orbital cortex
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal gyrus
automatic and voluntary emotional regulation
- medial dorsal prefrontal cortex
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- dorsal ant cingulate cortex
ID emotional significance of stimuli, generate and perceive emotions, reglate autonomic aspects of emotions
- amygdala
- area 25/mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
- ventral striatum
- ant insula
