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Neuroscience (By Chapter) > Ch. 17: Cerebrum > Flashcards

Ch. 17: Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
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2
Q

Nonspecific Nuclei

A
  • regulate arousal, consciousness and attention
  • receives multiple inputs and projects to widespread cortical areas
  • includes reticular nuclei
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3
Q

Association Cortices

A
  • areas not directly involved with movement or sensation
  • 3 parts: dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex, parietotemporal assoc cortex, ventral and medial dorsal assoc cortex
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4
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • endocrine gland innervated by sympathetic fibers

- regulate circadian rhythm & influence secretions of pituitary gland, adrenals, islets of langerhans and parathyroids

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5
Q

Subcortical White Matter

A
  • connections to and from cortical layer

- 3 types: projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers

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6
Q

Association Nuclei

A
  • process emotional and some memory info

- integrate types of sensations

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7
Q

3 Subcortical Structures

A
  • subcortical white matter
  • basal ganglia
  • nucleus accumbens
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8
Q

Projection Fibers

A
  • in and out of cerebrum (vertical)
  • from subcortical to cerebral cortex
  • from cortex to SC, brain stem, basal ganglia, thalamus

Ex. Internal capsule

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9
Q

Example of projection fibers

A

-internal capsule

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10
Q

Relay Nuclei

A

-convey info from sensory stems, (not olfactory) the basal ganglia or cerebellum to cortex

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11
Q

Commissural Fibers

A
  • between hemispheres
  • connect homologous structures of L & R

Ex. corpus collosum

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12
Q

Example of Commissural Fibers

A

corpus callosum

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13
Q

Thalamus

A
  • relay nuclei
  • association nuclei
  • nonspecific nuclei

-executive assistant to cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Primary Vestibular Cortex function

A

-info regarding head movement/position relative to gravity

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15
Q

Primary Vestibular cortex location

A

-lateral parietal lobe post to posterior central gyrus

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16
Q

Somatosensory association area

A
  • integrate tactile/proprioception from manipulation of objects
  • provide stereognosis
  • compare objects to memories
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17
Q

Somatosensory association area location

A

-parietal lobe post to posterior central gyrus

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18
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal association area

A
  • self-awareness and executive function
  • deciding on GOALs
  • PLAN how to accomplish goal
  • EXECUTING a plan
  • monitoring execution of plan
  • what behavior to avoid
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19
Q

Location of prefrontal association area

A

-lateral anterior frontal lobe

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20
Q

visual association area

A
  • analyzes color/motion (inf colliculus)
  • output to tectum
  • directs visual fixation
  • maintenance of objects in central vision
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21
Q

Location of visual association area

A
  • occipital lobe

- except very back portion

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22
Q

Subthalamus

A
  • part of basal ganglia circuit regulating movement
  • superior to substantia nigra
  • facilitate basal ganglia output nuclei
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23
Q

Auditory association area

A
  • compare sounds to memories of sounds

- categorizes sounds as language, music and noise

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24
Q

Location of auditory association area

A

-temporal lobe

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25
Q

epithalamus

A
  • help regulate circadian rhythm & hormone secretion

- pineal gland

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26
Q

Parietotemporal association cortex

A
  • cognitive intelligence
  • problem solving
  • communication comprehension
  • spatial relationships
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27
Q

Location of parietotemporal association cortex

A

-lateral parietal and temporal lobes

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28
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • info from tactile/proprioceptive receptors
  • identify location of stimuli/discriminate objects
  • nociception/temperature
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29
Q

location of somatosensory cortex

A

-post central gyrus

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30
Q

primary visual cortex

A
  • info from retina

- distinguish light/dark, shapes, location

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31
Q

location of primary visual cortex

A

-posterior occipital lobe

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32
Q

Ventral & Medial Dorsal Association Cortex

A
  • impulse control
  • personality
  • reaction to surroundings
  • connect to areas regulating mood and affect
  • perceive others’ emotions, beliefs, intentions
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33
Q

Location of Ventral & Medial Dorsal Association Cortex

A

-ant frontal lobe

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34
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • info from cochlea

- conscious awareness to intensity of sounds

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35
Q

Location of Primary auditory cortex

A

sup, ant temporal lobe

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36
Q

secondary sensory association areas

A

-analyze sensory input from thalamus and primary sensory cortex

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37
Q

prolonged stress–>

A

increased cortisol levels which suppress immune system

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38
Q

Encoding

A
  • processes info into memory representation

- enhanced by paying attn, emotional arousal, link new to old, review

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39
Q

3 stages of declarative memory

A
  • encoding
  • consolidation
  • retrieval
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40
Q

Broca’s Area

A

-planning movement of mouth during speech and grammatical aspects of language

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41
Q

Location of broca’s area

A
  • usually L hemisphere

- lateral frontal lobe

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • integrate behaviors with visceral functions
  • regulates eating, reproduction, defensive behavior
  • regulate expression of emotion
  • regulate circadian rhythms
  • moderate endocrine, regulate growth, metabolism & reproductive organs
  • maintain homeostasis
43
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • cognitive + motor function
  • awareness of body in space
  • memory of object location
  • motivation
  • ability to change behaviors as task requirements change
44
Q

Association Fibers

A
  • within hemisphere of cerebrum (front to back fibers)
  • connect cortical regions within one hemisphere

Short: connect adjacent gyri
Long: connect lobes in hemisphere

Ex. cingulum

45
Q

example of association fibers

A

-Cingulum

46
Q

Hypothalamus integrates behavior with visceral function by:

A
  • regulating pituitary gland secretions
  • efferent connections to cortex
  • limbic system
  • brain stem and spinal cord
47
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

-link motivation to behavior/action

48
Q

declarative memory

A
  • Info: facts, events, concepts, locations

- Location: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe

49
Q

5 motor planning areas

A
  • premotor
  • supplementary motor
  • broca’s area
  • area analogous to broca’s
  • primary motor
50
Q

Area analogous to broca’s area

A
  • plans nonverbal communication

- emotional gestures and adjusting tone of voice

51
Q

Neuroendocrine stress response

A
  • (hormonal)
  • symp nerve stim–>increase release epinephrine from adrenal medulla–>increase HR and contractility & relaxed GI and increased metab rate
52
Q

Premotor cortex

A

-control trunk and girdle muscles via medial UMN

53
Q

location of premotor cortex

A

ant to precentral gyrus, lateral ish

54
Q

procedural memory

A
  • skilled movements and habits
  • things you do without thinking about
  • location: frontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia
55
Q

supplementary motor cortex

A
  • initiation of movement
  • orientation of eyes and head
  • planning bimanual and sequential movements
56
Q

Emotion

A
  • short term subjective experience

- 5 structures: amygdala, area 25, mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, ventral striatum, ant insula

57
Q

5 structures of emotion

A
  • amygdala
  • area 25
  • mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
  • ventral striatum
  • anterior insula
58
Q

Lateralization of emotion

A

+ emotions: left prefrontal cortex

- emotions: right prefrontal cortex

59
Q

Consolidation

A
  • stabilizes memories

- 2 ways: synaptic (LTP), systems (across larger neural networks)

60
Q

3 Stages of procedural memory

A
  • cognitive
  • associative
  • autonomous
61
Q

Somatic stress response

A
  • motor neuron activity increases muscle tension

eg. nucleus accumbens

62
Q

primary motor cortex

A
  • receives somatosensation from thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex
  • receive motor instructions from mottor planning areas
63
Q

Mood

A

-sustained subjective, ongoing emotional response

64
Q

retrieval

A
  • pulling memories to surface

- use diff brain parts depending on how old memory is

65
Q

components of communication

A
  • comprehension of speech
  • comprehension of nonverbals and paraverbals
  • creation of spoken language
  • creation of nonspoken language/paraverbals
  • creation of motor commands for spoken language
66
Q

Wernicke’s Area

in communication

A

comprehension of spoken language

67
Q

area corresponding with wernicke’s area

in communication

A

-comprehension of nonverbals and paraverpals

68
Q

area corresponding to broca’s

in communication

A

-creation of nonverbals and paraverbals

69
Q

perception

A

-interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms

70
Q

body in relation to self

in communication

A

-ex. knowing hand is distal to forearm

71
Q

broca’s area

in communication

A
  • creation of spoken language

- gramatical function words (a, an, the)

72
Q

premotor and primary motor areas

in communication

A

-creation of motor commands for spoken language

73
Q

Spatial relationships

A
  • mediated by area corresponding to wernicke’s area

- 3 components: body in relation to self, body in relation to environment, environment in relation to self

74
Q

body in relation to environment

A
  • able to locate object in space
  • navigate accurately
  • find way w/n rooms, halls, outside
75
Q

Environment in relation to self

A

-provide info necessary to plan route from one site to other

76
Q

aspects of consciousness include:

A
  • general level of arousal
  • attention
  • selection of object attention based on goals
  • motivation and initiation for motor activation and cognition
  • each aspect from specific NT
77
Q

use of visual info

A
  • dorsal action stream

- ventral action stream

78
Q

working memory

A
  • goal relevant info for short time

- location: prefrontal and parietotemporal association cortex

79
Q

perception takes place in:

A

parietotemporal lobe

80
Q

consolidation takes place in:

A

medial temporal lobe

81
Q

processing/organization/retrieval takes place in:

A

-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

82
Q

autonomic stress response

A
  • sympathetic activity ^ bloodflow to Mm and decrease to skin, kidneys and GI
    e. g midbrain reticular formation
83
Q

learned movement sequence stored in

A
  • supplementary motor area
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
84
Q

dorsal action stream

A

-adjust limb action during visually guided movements

85
Q

ventral action stream

A

-helps ID seen objects

86
Q

serotonin

A
  • generalized arousal

- origin: raphe nuclei

87
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • voluntary direction of attn to an obj of interes

- origin: pedunculopontine nucleus

88
Q

Limits of attn

A
  • info not attended to is not processed
  • as tasks become more automatic=less attn needed
  • sometimes attn needs to be divided
  • attn limited by amount of effort available
  • ability to switch from one task to other is limited
89
Q

serotonin to:

A
  • amygdala
  • basal forebrain
  • neocortex
  • thalamus
  • striatum
  • cerebellar cortex
90
Q

Norepinephrine to:

A
  • amygdala
  • neocortex
  • thalamus
  • cerebellar cortex
91
Q

dopamine to:

A
  • amygdala
  • ventral striatum septal area
  • neocortex (frontal)
  • striatum
92
Q

Acetylcholine to:

A
  • amygdala
  • basal forebrain
  • neocortex
  • thalamus
93
Q

voluntary emotional regulation

A

-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

94
Q

learning a motor sequence requires:

A
  • frontal cortex
  • parietal cortex
  • basal ganglia
95
Q

motor adaptation

A
  • cerebellum
  • parietal cortex
  • motor cortex

adjust movement to environment changes

96
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • attn and vigilance

- origin: locus ceruleus

97
Q

dopamine

A
  • motivation
  • initiation of motor activity
  • origin: ventral tegmental area
98
Q

automatic emotional regulation

A
  • rostral ant cingulate
  • orbital cortex
  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
99
Q

automatic and voluntary emotional regulation

A
  • medial dorsal prefrontal cortex
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
  • dorsal ant cingulate cortex
100
Q

ID emotional significance of stimuli, generate and perceive emotions, reglate autonomic aspects of emotions

A
  • amygdala
  • area 25/mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
  • ventral striatum
  • ant insula

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