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Neuroscience (By Chapter) > Ch. 11: Basal ganglia & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Ch. 11: Basal ganglia & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperkinetic Disorders

A
  • inadequate inhibition from output nuclei

- Ex. Huntington’s Disease

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2
Q

Caudate

A
  • input from prefrontal cortex
  • input from thinking brain
  • “this is what I want to do”
  • cognitive link
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3
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • 2 egg shaped clusters of cells at base of brain (lat and ant to thalamus)
  • plan/control movement
  • make motor plan
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4
Q

5 Components of Basal Ganglia

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
  4. subthalamic nucleus
  5. substantia nigra
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5
Q

Basal ganglia influence on movement

A
  • connects BG to director UMN via motor thalamus (high skill, voluntary movement)
  • connect BG to helper UMN via pedunculopontine nucleus (postural movement)
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6
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • inputs to cerebellar cortex
  • proprioception and somatosensation via spinocerebellar tract
  • has more cells and more complex circuitry than any other part of brain
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7
Q

Substantia Nigra

A
  • part of BG in midbrain

- has compacta that produces dopamine that power the basal ganglia circuit

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8
Q

Subthalamic Nucleus

A

prossessing functions

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9
Q

4 Functions of Motor Loop

A
  • sequencing movements
  • regulate Mm tone
  • regulate Mm force
  • facilitate/inhibit specific motor synergies
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10
Q

Cerebellar Ataxia

A 
Stance: sway with eyes open/closed
Voluntary Movement: ataxic eyes closed
Proprioception: Ok
Vibration: ok
Ankle Reflex: ok
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11
Q

somatosensory ataxia

A 
Stance: sway eyes closed
Vol Movement: ok with eyes open
Proprioception: impaired
Vibration: impaired
Ankle reflex: impaired
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12
Q

Cerebellar Treatment

A
  • Slow down movements
  • think about moving
  • simplify movments
  • see and feel movements
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13
Q

Cog Wheel Rigidity

A

-rigidity with tremor on top

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14
Q

5 basal ganglia functions

A
  • motor loop
  • occulomotor loop (direct eye movements)
  • executive loop (goal directed behavior)
  • behavioral flexibility and control loop (social appropriateness)
  • Limbic loop (control emotions)
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15
Q

Huntington’s Disease Sx

A

Dementia

Chorea (twisting/writhing movements)

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16
Q

Cerebellar Lobes

A
  • Flocculonodular Lobe
  • Holds vestibulocerebellum
  • Handlebar mustache of cerebellum
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17
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

A
  • output
  • efferent from cerebellum
  • messages from correction to UMN of brainstem and cortex
18
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A
  • Afferent
  • input to cerebellum from corticopontocerebellar fibers
  • gives xerox copy of motor plan to cerebellum
19
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A
  • (flocculonodular lobe)
  • equilibrium/balance, posture
  • compare intended to actual movement for stability/posture
  • influences eye movement and postural Mm
20
Q

Inferior cerebellar Peduncles

A
  • Afferent
  • input to cerebellum from spinal cord and brainstem
  • what I’m actually doing
21
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A
  • White matter axon bundles from cerebellum to brain stem

- Superior, middle, inferior

22
Q

Parkinson’s Tx

A
  • dopamine precursors
  • surgical procedures
  • PT/OT
23
Q

Hypokinetic Disorders

A

-Excessive inhibition from output nuclei

Ex. Parkinson’s

24
Q

Cerebellar Function

A
  • compare actual to intended movement

- adjust actual motor output if there is a discrepancy

25
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Death of dopamine producing cells
  • decreased dopamine–>BG malfunctions
  • increased inhibition of excitatory motor thalamus–>decreased voluntary movement
  • increased inhibition to inhibitory pedunculopontine nucleus–>excessive contraction of flex/ext posture muscles
26
Q

Midline Vermis

A

control midline/core Mm

27
Q

Cerebellar vertical divisions

A

(somatotopic organization)

  • midline vermis
  • paravernal hemisphere
  • lateral hemisphere
28
Q

Paravernal Hemisphere

A

control proximal extrmity Mm

29
Q

Lateral Hemisphere

A

control distal extremity Mm

hands/feet

30
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

Processor

31
Q

Spinocerebellum

A
  • gross movement of limbs
  • midline/core and most proximal Mm
  • control ongoing movement via brainstem descending tracts
32
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

-degeneration of BG input modules and cerebral cortex

  • dereased inhib of motor thal (excitatory)–>invol Mm contractions
  • decreased inhib of pedunculopontine nucleus (inhibitory)–>insufficient contraction of flex/ext postural Mm
33
Q

Lesions of Spinocerebellum

A

-ataxic, wide based gait

34
Q

3 Cerebellar Functional Divisions

A
  • vestibulocerebellum
  • spinocerebellum
  • cerebrocerebellum
35
Q

Putamen

A
  • Input: from primary motor cortex and motor planning center
  • “this is what I’m doing now and how environment is”
  • movement link
36
Q

Signs of cerebellar disorders

A
  • general hypotonia
  • general ataxia
  • signs ipsilateral to damage
37
Q

6 Parkinson’s Signs

A
  • akinesia/hypokinesia
  • rigidity (cog wheel)
  • freezing
  • visuoperceptive impairments
  • postural instability
  • resting tremor
38
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A
  • fine distal voluntary movement
  • coordinated voluntary movement
  • ability to judge TIME, INTERVALS, and produce accurate RHYTHMS
39
Q

Lesions of paravermis and cerebrocerebellum

A
  • dysarthria: problem with mechanical production of speech/sounds
  • sounds like drunk slurring
40
Q

Lesions of vestibulocerebellum

A
  • abnormal eye movements
  • dysequilibrium
  • truncal ataxia
41
Q

Lesions of Spinocerebellum (cerebrocerebellum)

A
  • dysdiadochokinesia (rapid alternating movements)
  • Dysmetria (targets)
  • Action tremor

Neuroscience (By Chapter) (21 decks)

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