Ch. 1: Intro to Neuroscience Flashcards
CN XII
Hypoglossal N
Motor
Move tongue
From Medulla
CN XI
Spinal Accessory N
Motor
Trap/SCM
From Medulla
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal N
Motor/Sensory
Taste, swallow, salivation
From Medulla
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear N
Sensory
Hearing/balance
From Pons
CN VII
Facial N Motor/Sensory Facial Mm for expression Salivation/tears Taste From Pons
CN VI
Abducens N
Motor
Move eye laterally
From Pons
CN V
Trigeminal N Motor/Sensory Face Sensation Mastication Mm From Pons
CN IV
Trochlear N
Motor
Move eye down and medially
From Midbrain
CN III
Occulomotor N Motor Eye movement, up/down/medially Sympathetic: open eyelid, constrict pupil From midbrain
CN II
Optic N
Sensory
Vision
CN I
Olfactory N
Sensory
Smell
Neuroscience
Science concerned with development, chemistry, structure & function & pathology of nervous system
Efferent
Away from core
Down and out
Motor
2 spinal cord functions
conduct info (brain-->body, body-->brain) Process info (interneurons/synapses)
3 sections of brainstem
Medulla, pons, midbrain
Medulla Parts
(Olive), Pyramids
Spinal Horns
Made up of grey matter
Dorsal=sensory cell bodies
Anterior=motor cell bodies
Brainstem function
Life sustaining functions
Nerves originating from medulla
IX, X, XI, XII
Decussation
Crossing over of signals in pyramid of medulla
Bulge of Pons
cell connections to make copy of motor plans to send to cerebellum
Pyramid of Medulla
2 elongated ridges along ant midline of medulla
Nerves originating from Pons
V, VI, VII, VIII
Nerves originating from Midbrain
III, IV
Cerebral peduncles
- ant, top of midbrain
- bundles of white matter from cerebrum to pons
- efferent/motor
Superior colliculi
process visual info
Inferior colliculi
process auditory info
cerebellum hemispheres
coordinate movement of legs and arms
split by vermis
Choroid Plexus
group of leaky blood vessels (strainer)
interface between brain and blood
Foramina of Monro
(2 of them)
Canal between lateral ventricles & 3rd ventricle
CSF
- strained watery blood once it’s filtered through the choroid plexus
- regulates extracellular environment
- physically protects the CNS
Lateral ventricles
(2 of them)
‘C’ shaped in sagittal view
butterfly shaped in coronal view
Ventricles
Water balloons in brain filled with CSF
2 lateral
3rd
4th
Central canal of spinal cord
unfilled water balloon in spinal canal that collapses during growth
Cerebral aqueduct
canal from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
Foramina of Luscka (2) & Foramen of Magendie (1)
3 holes to let CSF out of brain
Meninges
- (Walls of water balloons in brain/spinal cord)
- connective tissue
- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Dura Mater
Toughest, outermost of the meninges 2 layers (outer and inner)
Tentorium Cerebelli
Inner layer of dura mater between occipital lobe and cerebellum
Outer Dura Mater
Toughest layer
furthest outside brain and spinal cord
Falx Cerebri
Inner dura mater in longitudinal fissure
Dural sinuses
(Gutters)
- gap in dura between inner and outer layers
- used up CSF dumps here to go back to heart
Arachnoid Mater
- Just inside dura mater with spiderweb projectins going to hemispheres
- CSF flows in cobwebs
- Cushion brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid Granulations
‘Grapes’ on arachnoid villi that strain used CSF into dural sinuses
Peripheral N Vascular Supply
Each N has a rich arterial supply
Anterior Spinal Artery
- On anterior midline of entire length of spinal cord
- Supplies ant 1/2 spinal canal (motor area)
Arachnoid Villi
(Villi=fingers)
Projections from arachnoid through dura, into the sinuses (on top are arachnoid granulations)
Pia mater
- innermost connective tissue layer right against brain tissue
- CSF above pia
- Keeps water out of brain
Vascular supply to Spinal cord
Anterior (1) and posterior (2) spinal arteries
Posterior Spinal Arteries
(2)
- on posterolateral spinal cord, running the entire length
- supply the posterior cord (sensory area)
Cerebellum Vermis
- midline of cerebellum
- help control trunk
Cerebrum
Folded brain matter “on top” of everything
Fissure
deep valley
Diencephalon
- Everything with “thalamus” in name
- collection of cell bodies that route sensory info
Sulcus
Shallow Valley
Gyrus
Hump between valleys
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory
Temporal Lobe
Process auditory info
Limbic System
Fleeing, fighting, feeding, fornication
Frontal Lobe
- Motor Control
- Executive functions (planning, problem solving)
Occipital Lobe
process visual info
Afferent
Toward core
in and up
sensory
Limbic lobe
- Deep cortex covering midbrain, thalamus, and basal ganglia
- emotional control and emotional processing
Longitudinal fissure
front to back fissure between L & R hemispheres
Lateral Sulcus
Separates temporal lobe from parietal lobe
inside is insular lobe
Insular Lobe
Inside lateral sulcus
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal lobe from parietal
Separation of motor from sensory
Parietoccipital Sulcus
Separates parietal and occipital lobes
Cingulate Gyrus
(Limbic sulcus)
Separates frontal and limbic lobe
Postcentral Gyrus
- post to central sulcus
- somatosensory function
Corpus callosum
- Horizontal connections of L & R Hemispheres
- Just above thalamus and basal ganglia and below limbic lobe
Precentral Gyrus
- Ant to central sulcus
- Motor function
Connections (2)
Corpus callosum
Internal Capsule
Internal capsule
- Bundle of white matter connecting cerebrum to subcortical structures
- Anterior=motor
- Posterior=sensory
Vertebral Arteries
- From L & R subclavian Aa, through transverse foramen to brain
- gives off: ant spinal A, Post spinal Aa, post inf cerebellar Aa
- Comes together to form: basilar A
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A
- From vertebral Aa
- Supply bottom, back of cerebellum
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A
- From basilar A
- Supplies front bottom of cerebellum
Posterior Circulation
Vertebral Aa Post inf cerebellar Aa Basilar A Ant Inf Cerebellar Aa Superior Cerebellar Aa Post Cerebral Aa
Superior cerebellar A
- From basilar A
- Supplies top of cerebellum
Posterior cerebral Aa
- 2 branches where basilar A splits
- supplies post cerebral cortex–occipital lobe (some temporal)
- sends branches to midbrain
Internal Carotid Aa
- Through foramen lacerum to brain
- Branches into Ant and middle cerebral Aa
- Part of circle of Willis
Anterior Circulation
Internal carotid Aa
Ant/mid/post cerebral Aa
Circle of willis
Anterior Cerebral Aa
- Direct branch of internal carotid A
- Supply top front of both hemispheres (mohawk of brain)
Circle of Willis
Roundabout at bottom of brain where blood supplies join together side to side and front to back
Made of: ant/post cerebral Aa, Int carotid Aa, Ant/post communicating Aa
Anterior Communicating A
Little artery linking L & R ant cerebral Aa
Aa to deep structures
- branches from middle and post cerebral Aa
- ant/post choroidal Aa
- Med/lat striate Aa
Medial/Lateral Striate Aa
around basal ganglia
Posterior Communicating A
- Join L & R posteriorly
- Between internal carotid and posterior cerebral Aa
Ant & Post Choroidal Aa
- Deep around 1st-3rd ventricle
- Supply some of choroid plexus
Superior Sagittal Sinus
- sits on top of longitudinal fissure, front to back
- dumps into transverse sinus
Transverse Sinus
- Starts where sup & inf sagittal sinus meet and wraps toward ears, laterally
- Dumps into jugular veins
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
- Rides in floor of longitudinal fissure
- Dumps into transverse Sinus
Jugular Vv
-Take used CSF & blood from head back to heart for recirculation
Spinal Columns
- white matter
- dorsal=sensory
- lateral=autonomic & motor
- anterior=motor
3 functional divisions of brain
brainstem
limbic system
neocortex
tectum
4 bumps (colliculi) on back of midbrain
Motor Learning
repetition, with intent & results
CSF circulation pathway
Heart-Aorta-Carotid Aa-choroid plexus-lat ventricles-foramina of monro-3rd ventricle-cerebral aqueduct-4th ventricle-foramina of luschka-foramen of magendie-central canal of spinal cord
3rd ventricle
- at midline between thalami
- keeps thalami from bumping
4th ventricle
- sits behind pons and in front of cerebellum
- cushion between cerebellum & pons
Inner dura mater
inner layers of dura mater that protrude into fissures of brain (falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli)
Basal ganglia
- 2 clusters of nerve cells at base of cerebrum that are ant and slightly lat to thalamus
- involved in motor planning
Basilar A
- Made of 2 vertebral Aa
- Sits on front of pons
- Supplies whole pons and part of cerebellum
Middle Cerebral a
- Direct branch of int carotid A
- Goes laterally from int carotid through lateral sulcus
- supplies middle outside of cerebral cortex (headphones of brain)
3 Major dural Sinuses
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
transverse
Midbrain parts
Cerebral peduncles
Tectum
