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Anatomy A-215 > Exam 4: Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System Components, Functions

A
  • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
  • urinary tract: ureters, bladder and urethra
  • function: filter blood, and transport the liquid waste (urine) outside the body
  • urinary tract transports the urine
  • process of releasing urine: urination, or micturition
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2
Q

Why does blood need to be filtered?

A

-contiains waste products from (lymph, CSF, cells) and if you dont filter it you will die

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3
Q

What is urine?

A

-water, some ions (Na+, C+) ammonia, urea, uric acid, must dissolve these substances in water

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4
Q

Urinary System Innervation

A
  • primarily autonomic nervous system

- only one musle is under voluntary control: external urethral sphincter in urogenital diaphragm

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5
Q

Kidneys External Gross Anatomy and Function

A
  • posterior abdominal wall
  • right lower than left because liver is directly above it
  • kidneys reponsible for filtering blood and turning the filtrate into urine
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6
Q

Kidneys Internal Gross Anatomy

A
  • outer cortex and inner medulla
  • renal columns
  • renal pyramids
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7
Q

Renal Columns

A

-extension of cortex that divide medulla into renal pyramids

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8
Q

Renal Pyramids

A
  • portions of medulla (each kidney had 8-15)
  • each drains into minor calyx, several of these form major calyx, major calyces drain int renal pelvis connected to ureter.
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9
Q

Blood Flow of Kidneys

A
  • blood must supply nutrients to the kidney and be filtered by the kidney
  • renal arteries–>segmental arteries–>interlobar arteries–>arcuate arteries–>interlobular arteries–>afferent arterioles–>glomerulus–>efferent arteriole–>peritubular apillaries/vasa recta–>interlobular veins–>arcuate veins–>interlobar veins–>renal veins
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10
Q

Renal artery

A

-receives arterial blood from aorta, high in oxygen here, blood is “dirty”

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11
Q

Interlobar Arteries

A
  • travel in renal columns

- between lobes

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12
Q

Arcuate Arteries

A

-found at CORTEX-MEDULLA JUNCTION

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13
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • each afferent arteriole brings blood here
  • capillary ball
  • blood is filtrated here so goes from dirty to clean (everything after is “clean” blood and everything before in blood flow is “dirty”
  • still high in oxygen
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14
Q

Vasa Recta/Peritubular Capillaries

A
  • peritubular capillaries are in cortex
  • vasa recta is in medulla
  • gas exchange happens here (everything before in blood flow is high in oxygen and everything after is low in oxygen)
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15
Q

Interlobular Veins

A

-in cortex

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16
Q

Arcuate Veins

A

-in cortex-medulla junction

17
Q

Nephrons

A
  • functional filtration unit of the kidney
  • function: filters blood and then modifies this “filtrate” that is squeezed out from glomerulus
  • each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons
18
Q

Nephron Composition

A
  • Renal Corpuscle (Glomerulus + Glomerular Capsule)
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  • Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule
  • most of nephron is in cortex (nephron loop goes into medulla)
19
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus plus glomerular capsule
  • glomerular capsule surrounds the glomerulus
  • apsular space: between capsule an dglomerulus, filtrate is squeezed into here, not yet urine, lots of water, sodium, potassium, and glucose
20
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • function: to resorb some materials and water in the filtrate
  • resorbed material is sent to the peritubular capillaries
21
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)

A
  • function: to resorb more materials and water in the filtrate
  • resorbed material is sent to the vasa recta
22
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • last segment of nephron
  • function: to resorb more materials and water in the filtrate
  • resorbed material is sent to the peritubular capillaries
23
Q

Flow of Filtrate/Urine

A

filtrate is squeezed out of glomerulus, enters capsular space (space in glomerular capsule)–>proximal convoluted tubule–>nephron loop–> distal convoluted tubule–>the filtrate travels through the collecting duct–>minor calyx (now urine)–>major calyx–>renal pelvis–>ureter–> urinary bladder–>urine exits the body via the urethra

24
Q

ADH Note

A
  • ADH acts on DCTs and collecting ducts
  • if dehydrated, ADH signals these structures to resorb more water
  • alcohol inhibits/interferes with ADH secretion
25
Q

Ureters General Description and Function

A
  • long, thin, paired muscular tubes

- function: transport urine (via peristalsis) from kidney to urinary bladder

26
Q

Why do ureters use peristalis instead of just gravity?

A

-not always in anatomical position and urine would pool in kidneys if lying down or upsidedown

27
Q

Layers of Ureters

A
  • Mucosa: transitional epithelium
  • Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle
  • Adventitia: areolar connective tissue
28
Q

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)

A
  • formed from crystaline materials (e.g. salts, Calcium, uric acids) in urine
  • pain is sharp and stabbing (called ureteric colic)
  • Risk factors: dehydration/inadequate fluid intake, dome diet/medical issues
29
Q

Urinary Bladder General Description and Function

A
  • function: urine reservoir (muscular storage sac for urine)
  • its shape changes as it fills: empty: pyramidal in shape in pelvic cavity, full: oval, extends into abdominal cavity (to belly button)
  • neck of the bladder = narrow base of bladder
30
Q

Layers of Bladder

A
  • Mucosa: transitional epithelium
  • Submucosa: dense irreg CT
  • Muscularis: 3 layers of smooth muscle: together, these layers are known as the detrusor muscle
  • internal urethral sphincter, involuntary sphincter
  • Adventitia: areolar CT
31
Q

Urethra General Morphology and Function

A
  • single muscular tube running from bladder to exterior of body
  • function: expels urine from body
  • urethra pierces a group of skeletal muscles called the urogenital diaphragm
  • some of the skeletal muscle fibers thicken and form an external urethral sphincter (around urethra), voluntary sphincter able to control when you become toilet trained
32
Q

Female Urethra

A

-1.5 inches long

33
Q

Male Urethra

A
  • 8 inches long

- transports urine and semen but can’t do both at the same time

Anatomy A-215 (24 decks)

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