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Anatomy A-215 > Exam 4: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

-ovaries

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2
Q

Accessory Reproductive Organs

A
  • uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands
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3
Q

Puberty

A

-anterior pituitary releases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone)

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4
Q

Ovary

A

-functions: mature, house, and release oocytes (sex cells), produce female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

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5
Q

Ovary External Anatomy

A
  • each is oval shaped

- within pelvic cavity

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6
Q

Ovary Internal Anatomy

A
  • has an outer cortex and an inner medulla
  • medulla contains blood vessels
  • cortex contains ovarian follicles
  • ovarian follicles consist of an oocyte (egg) plus follicle (or granulosa) cells that surround the oocyte
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7
Q

Primordial Follicle

A
  • in female fetus and female child ovary

- primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells

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8
Q

Primary Follicel

A
  • first seen at puberty

- primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicle (granulosa) cells

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9
Q

Secondary Follicle

A
  • first seen at puberty

- primary oocyte + follicle (granulosa) cells + antrum (fluid-filled space)

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10
Q

Vesicular Follicle

A
  • first seen at puberty

- typically only one of these produced each month and will undergo ovulation

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11
Q

Ovulation

A
  • process where a seconday oocyte is expelled from ovary

- caused by a spike or peak in LH

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12
Q

Corpus Luteum (function)

A
  • ruptured follicle that underwent ovulation
  • yellowish
  • function: secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining
  • limited lifespan
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13
Q

Corpus Albicans:

A
  • degenerated corpus luteum

- white CT scar

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14
Q

Oogenesis Before Birth (Fetal Period)

A
  • ovary contains oogonia (oocyte”stem cells” or ‘parent cells’) oogonia contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • primary oocytes are oogonia that start the process of Meiosis!! (meiosis process is “arrested” at Prophase I)
  • so before birth, the ovary will contain primarily primordial follicles (which have primary oocytes in them!)
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15
Q

Oogenesis During Childhood

A

-ovary is inactive

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16
Q

Oogenesis During Puberty

A

-anterior pituitary secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone): stimulates follicle development

17
Q

Each Month from Puberty to Menopause

A
  • about 20 primordial follicles develop into primary follicles
  • some primary follicles degenerate, while others become secondary follicles
  • one secondary follicle becomes “dominant” and matures into a vesicular follicle
18
Q

Vesticular Follicle in oogenesis

A
  • is the primary oocyte completes Meiosis I, but gets stopped at Metaphase II of meiosis
  • at this point, you now have a secondary oocyte!
19
Q

Ovulation in oogenesis

A
  • happens at about day 14 because of a peak in LH levels
  • the structure expelled is a secondary oocyte
  • this oocyte is still suspended at metaphase II - it will not complete meiosis UNLESS it becomes fertilized by a sperm!
20
Q

After Ovulation

A
  • FSH and LH levels decline
  • ruptured ovarian follicle becomes a corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum eventually becomes a corpus albicans
21
Q

If woman does not get pregnant

A
  • 10-13 days after ovulation corpus luteum degenrates
  • estrogen and progesterone levels drop
  • menstruation occurs
22
Q

If woman does get pregnant

A
  • Fertilized oocyte secretes hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
  • prolongs corups luteum life for 3 months
  • after 3 months placenta produces estrogen and progesterone
23
Q

Uterine Tubes

A
  • paired tubes that attach to the uterus
  • each uterine tube is close to (but not attached to) the ovary!
  • at the ends of each tube are fimbriae: finger like projections that catch the oocyte
  • functions: pick up oocyte and transports it to uterus, site of fertilization of oocyte
24
Q

Tubal Pregnancy

A
  • fertilized ovum implants in the uterine tube instead of
  • severe cramping, potential bleeding by week 8
  • threatens life of mother if it ruptures
25
Q

Uterus

A
  • function: site of implantation and development of fertilized oocyte
  • when a fertilized oocyte doesn’t implant, it is the site for menstruation (shedding of part of the uterine wall)
26
Q

Uterus Gross Anatomy

A
  • single, pear-shaped organ, in pelvic cavity

- cervix: inferior portion of uterus, projects into vagina

27
Q

Perimetrium

A
  • outermost layer

- visceral peritoneum + areolar CT

28
Q

Myometrium

A
  • middle layer
  • THICKEST layer
  • 3 layers of smooth muscle
29
Q

Endometrium

A
  • innermost layer
  • highly vascular
  • columnar epithelium and CT
  • fertilized oocyte implants here
  • it is subdivided into 2 sublayers: functional and basal
30
Q

Basal Layer

A
  • the deeper layer immediately adjacent to the myometrium

- this is a permanent layer

31
Q

Functional Layer

A
  • it will grow and develop during the ovarian cycle

- if a fertilized oocyte doesn’t implant, this layer is shed during menstruation (menses)

32
Q

Why does menstruation occur?

A
  • when corups luteum degenerates, levels of estrogen and progesterone DROP.
  • functional layer breaks down
33
Q

Vagina

A
  • muscular tube that opens to the outside
  • lies behind bladder, and in front of rectum
  • lined with nonkeretinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • functions: expells a baby, receives penis, during sexual intercourse, menstruation
34
Q

Mons Pubis

A

-fatty, rounded area covered with pubic hair

35
Q

Labia Majora

A
  • two elongated, skin folds between legs - covered with pubic hair
  • homologous to: scrotum of male
36
Q

Labia Minora

A

thin, hairless skin folds
-between the labia minora are: urethral orifice (opening), vaginal orifice (opening), openings for the greater vestibular glands, clitoris

37
Q

Greater Vestibular Glands

A
  • function: secrete mucus as a lubricant

- homologous to: penis (glans)

38
Q

Clitoris

A
  • anterior to the urethral orifice

- homologous to: contains two columns of erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa)

39
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • apocrine glands
  • each mammary gland has glandular tissue, adipose tissue, and ligaments to connect it to thoracic wall
    function: to produce milk for a baby
  • lactation = breast milk production
  • prolactin: stimulates milk production
  • oxytocin: EXPELS the milk in response to a stimulus (baby suckling/crying)

Anatomy A-215 (24 decks)

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