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Anatomy A-215 > Exam 4: Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

A
  • tube that extends from mouth to anus

- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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2
Q

Functions of GI Tract

A
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination of wastes
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3
Q

Digestion

A
  • process of breaking down food into small fragments

- 2 types mechanical and chemical

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4
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • using forces/physically breaking down food

- Ex: stomach mechanically digests by muscle contraction

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5
Q

Chemical Digestion

A
  • uses enzymes (proteins) that speed up a chemical reaction

- Ex: stomach chemically digests with gastric juices

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6
Q

Absorption

A
  • water and food molecules pass through to GI lymphatics and blood vessels
  • most nutrients absorbed in blood vessels
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7
Q

Lacteals

A

-absorb lipids and lipid soluble vitamins in small intestine (A, D, E, K)

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8
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A
  • not part of GI tract but assist with digestion

- tongue, teeth, salivary glans, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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9
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
  • parietal lines abdominal wall
  • visceral covers abdominal organs
  • peritoneal cavity is the space between the two, serous fluid secreted here
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10
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation

A

-in general, it stimulates or increases activity of GI tract

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11
Q

Sympathetic Innervation

A

-in general, it inhibits or decreases activity of GI tract

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12
Q

Oral Cavity

A
  • continuous posteriorly with oropharynx
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • upper part of the oral cavity: palate
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13
Q

Hard Palate

A

-anterior 2/3 of palate, bony

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14
Q

Soft Palate

A

-posterior 1/3 of palate, formed from skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Uvula

A

-dangling muscle off soft palate

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16
Q

Extra Credit Names

A

-Osmosis Jones and Drix

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17
Q

Function of Soft Palate and Uvula

A
  • close off opening to nasopharynx when you swallow

- these muscles move and that’s why milk goes up your nose

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18
Q

Teeth

A

-20 deciduous (baby) teeth replaced by 32 permanent teeth

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19
Q

Tongue

A
  • big skeletal muscle
  • covered with stratified squamous epithelium
  • function: perceives taste and mechanical digestion
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20
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • 3 pairs
  • secrete saliva composed of water, mucus, amylase (digests carbs), lysozyme (antibacterial agent) and antibodies
  • functions: dissolves food molecules so they can be tasted, moistens food and turns it into bolus, chemically digests carbs, cleanses mouth, lysozyme and antibodies inhibit bacterial growth
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21
Q

Pharynx

A
  • throat
  • muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth, to larynx and esophagus
  • function: propel food and drink to esophagus and air to larynx
  • only the oropharynx and laryngopharynx conduct both food and air
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22
Q

GI Tract Layers

A
  • 4 layers, tunics

- mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventita/serosa

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23
Q

Mucuosa

A
  • innermost tunic
  • esophagus has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • stomach to anal canal has simple columnar epithelium
  • areolar CT
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24
Q

Muscularis Mucosae

A

-thin layer of smooth muscle

25
Submucosa
- connective tissue | - contains major blood vessels
26
Muscularis
- typically contains 2 layers of smooth muscle: - exception: stomach (3 layers) - inner circular layer - outer longitudinal layer - responsible for peristalsis: alternate waves of contraction and relaxation
27
Serosa or Adventitia
- outermost layer - serosa = visceral peritoneum + areolar CT - adventitia = areolar CT only
28
Esophagus Gross Anatomy
- muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach | - function:propel food to stomach
29
Esophagus Histology
- mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium - muscularis: 2 layers of muscle - upper 1/3: skeletal muscle - middle 1/3: skeletal + smooth - lower 1/3: smooth muscle only
30
Reflux Esophagitis
- heartburn - stomach contents back flow (reflux) into esophagus causing burning pain - risk factors: overweight, smoking, large meals before bedtime
31
Stomach Gross Anatomy
- connects to esophagus and duodenum - upper left quadrant - main function: uses mechanical and chemical digestion to turn bolus into chyme
32
Stomach Histology
- mucosa has simple columnar epithelium - mucosa contains gastric pits - branching off of gastric pits are gastric glands - muscularis: has three (3) layers of smooth muscle: innermost oblique, inner circular, outer longitudinal - 3 layers blend bolus with gastric juice turning the bolus into chyme
33
Gastric Glands
-cells that secrete gastric juice (acidic, contains HCl)
34
What prevents gastric juices from eating away at stomach itself?
- cells secrete layer of mucus-protective lining | - epithelium constantly regenerating
35
Peptic Ulcer
- erosion of wall of stomach or duodenum - "balance" between acidic juices and mucosa repair thrown off so acid eats away at lining - most causes are due to infection (helicobacter pylori)
36
Small Intestine Gross Anatomy
- functions: finishes chemical digestion process - absorbs most (90%) of nutrients - 3 specific segments
37
Duodenum
- connects to stomach - receives chyme from stomach - receives bile and pancreatic enzymes through duodenal papilla
38
Jejunum
- middle part | - connects to duodenum and ileum
39
Ileum
- connects to cecum of large intestine | - majority of last part of chemicals get secreted and interact with chyme
40
Small Intestine Histology
- mucosa has simple columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells - small intestine contains circular folds (plicae circulares): folds of mucosa AND submucosa! - functions: act like speed bumps to slow down chyme, increase surface area for absorption - on circular folds are villi
41
Villi
- folds of the MUCOSA only! - function: increase surface area - in center of each villus are blood vessels and a lacteal
42
Lacteal
- lymphatic capillary | - absorbs lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
43
Large Intestine Gross Anatomy
- functions: most absorption of water and electrolytes (Na+, K+) and stores feces until they can be expelled from body - different segments: cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal
44
Cecum
- sac that connects to ileum - lower right part of abdomen - vermiform appendix attaches here
45
Rectum and Anal Canal
- terminal portion of large intestine | - feces leaves anal canal through anus
46
Large Intestine Histology
- mucosa has simple columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells - muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle: outer longitudinal layer consists of teniae coli - haustra
47
Teniae Coli
-3 thin bands of smooth muscle that bunch large intestine into sacs called haustra
48
Colorectal Cancer
- most arise from polyps from mucosa - not all polyps are cancerous - blood in stool early warning sign - colonoscopy to examine colon
49
Liver
- upper right part of abdomen | - functions: produce and secrete bile, processes products of digestion
50
Gallbladder
- underneath liver | - function: stores and concentrates bile
51
Gallstones
- condensations of bile material into stones - first form in gallbladder - painful if travel through billary apparatus - 4 F's risk factors: female, fat, fertile (had at least one child), forty's (or older)
52
Pancreas
- behind stomach | - acinar cells
53
Acinar Cells
- secreate pancreatic juice: contains digestive enzymes, alkaline, neutralizes acidic chyme - pancreatic juice leaves via a pancreatic duct
54
Billary Apparatus
-a network of "tubes" that transport bile and pancreatic juices TO the duodenum!
55
Arterial Blood Supply to Abdominal GI Tract
- from branches of: 1) celiac trunk 2) superior mesenteric artery 3) inferior mesenteric artery
56
Venous Drainage of Blood from Abdominal GI Tract
- hepatic portal system: veins that drain blood from GI tract directly to liver, transports blood low in oxygen but high in nutrients to be processed - 4 mein veins. 1. Superior Mesenteric vein 2. Splenic vein 3. Inferior Mesenteric vein 4. Hepatic portal vein - receives blood from 1,2, and 3, and goes directly to the liver
57
Blood from Hepatic Portal vein
- processed by liver cells (hepatocytes) - also get oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries - once processed, blood leaves the liver via hepatic veins and into the inferior vena cava
58
Ducts of Billary Apparatus
- right and left hepatic ducts (from liver) unite to form the common hepatic duct - gallbladder has a cystic duct - cystic duct and common hepatic duct unite, forming common bile duct, it connects with pancreatic duct - common bile duct opens into duodenum at the duodenal papilla: here, bile and pancreatic juices are secreted!

Anatomy A-215 (24 decks)

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