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Anatomy A-215 > Exam 4: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

-secretes hormones into bloodstream.

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2
Q

Hormone

A
  • chemical messenger that regulates activity of other body cells.
  • hormone levles constantly adjusted by feedback loops.
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3
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A
  • a stimulus causes an endocrine organ to release hormones
  • the hormone helps bring the body back to homeostasis
  • once homestasis is achieved, the hormone release stops
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4
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • all endocrine glands in body

- overseen by hypothamus

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5
Q

Hypothalamus’ Control (3 Ways)

A
  • produces regulatory hormones that stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary hormone secretion
  • produces ADH and oxytocin and are stored in posterior pituitary
  • oversees ANS, stimulates hormone secretion of adrenal medulla via sympathetic innervation
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6
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • connected to hypothalums via infundibulum

- split into anterior and posterior

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7
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • axons from hypothalamus cells

- stores two hormones produced by hypothalamus: oxytocin and ADH

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8
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • cuddling/trust hormone
  • stimulates uterine contractions/ induces labor (menstrual cramps)
  • stimulates breast milk release in response to suckling infant
  • males: stimulates smooth muscle contraction in reproductive tract
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9
Q

ADH

A
  • diuresis = urine production
  • inhibits urine formation/production
  • concentrates urine
  • ADH targets the kidneys and blood vessels
  • secreted when dehydrated
  • tells kidneys to concentrate urine by reabsorbing more water
  • blood vessels constrict to increase blood pressure
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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • VP of endocrine system, controlled by hypothalamus
  • controls growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL)
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11
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A
  • stimulates cell growth and mitosis in most cells
  • especially affects skeletal and muscular systems, and adipose tissue
  • anterior pituitary–>secretes GH–>targets muscle, bone, fat
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12
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • targets thyroid gland
  • stimulates thyroid to produce/release its own hormones
  • anterior pituitary–>secretes TSH–>targets thyroid gland–>secretes TH
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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A
  • target organ: adrenal cortex
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release its hormones
  • anterior pituitary–>secretes ACT–>adrenal cortex–>secretes hormones
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14
Q

Follicle Stimulation Hormone (FSH)

A
  • target organs: ovaries and testes

- anterior pituitary–>secretes FSH–>targets onads

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15
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • target organs: ovaries and testes

- anterior pituitary–>secretes LH–>targets gonads

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16
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A
  • target organs: mammary glands
  • stimulates breast milk production
  • anterior pituitary–>secretes PRL–>targets mammary glands
17
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx

- secretes thyroid hormone (TH) anad calcitonin

18
Q

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

A
  • increases cellular activity (metabolic rate) in most cells of body
  • hypothalamus–>anterior pituitary–>secretes TSH–>targets thyroid gland–>secretes TH
19
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • encourages deposition of calcium from bloodstream into bone tissue
  • secreted when blood calcium levels are high
  • lowers blood calcium levels
  • increases bone deposition
20
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • 4 tiny oval masses behind thyroid
  • secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) when blood calcium levels are low
  • increases blood calcium levels
  • stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, release calcium into blood
21
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • superior to kidneys

- have outer cortex and inner medulla

22
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • releases corticosteroids in response to ACTH
  • one group of these steroids: controls balance of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions in body fluids (regulates salt)
  • another (2nd) group of steroids stimulates metabolism of glucose from fats and proteins (regulates blood sugar levels)
  • another (3rd) group of these steroids: secretes small amounts of androgens (male sex hormones)
  • in females, some androgens are converted to estrogen (regulates sex)
23
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • stimulated by sympathetic division of ANS
  • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • prolongs “fight or fligh” response by sympathetic innervation
  • hypothalamus–>sympathetic innervation–>adrenal medulla–>epinephrine and norepinephrine
24
Q

Pancreas

A
  • has both exocrine and endocrine functions

- exocrine functions were discussed w/digestive system

25
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A
  • produces hormones
  • Insulin and glucagon
  • helps convert some glucose into glycogen (a carbohydrate)
26
Q

Insulin

A
  • lowers blood sugar (glucose) levels, enhances cells ability to pick up glucose
  • secreted when you eat a meal
27
Q

Glucagon

A
  • raises blood sugar levels
  • breaks down glycogen into glucose
  • secreted when you haven’t eaten in a while
28
Q

Gonads

A
  • ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

- testes produce androgens (especially testosterone)

Anatomy A-215 (24 decks)

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