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Anatomy A-215 > Exam 3: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

-process of gas exchange in the body

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2
Q

Inhalation

A

-breathing in, inspiration

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3
Q

Exhalation

A

-breathing out, expiration

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4
Q

Respiratory Subdivisions

A
  • conduction portion

- respiratory portion

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5
Q

Conducting Portion

A
  • conducts and transfers air, no gas exchange here

- nose and paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

Respiratory Portion

A
  • gas exchange occurs here

- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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7
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A
  • respiration/gas exchange (oxygen inhaled, carbon dioxide exhaled)
  • filters inspired air
  • warms and humidifies inspired air
  • phonation
  • olfaction
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8
Q

Filters Inspired Air

A
  • noes hairs trap particles
  • goblet cells secrete mucus to trap materials
  • cillia moves material away from lungs
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9
Q

Warms and Humidifies Inspired Air

A
  • mucosa of nasal cavity
  • paranasal sinuses do this
  • blood vessels in mucosa warm air
  • moisture from mucus
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10
Q

Phonation

A
  • laryns (voice box)
  • paranasal sinuses
  • nasal cavity
  • sinuses and nasal cavity provide a resonance to the voice
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11
Q

Olfaction

A
  • upper poriton of nasal cavity has olfactory epithelium (psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium plus bipolar neurons)
  • odor molecules dissolve in mucus to be detected
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12
Q

Nose

A

-has nostrils (external nares)

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13
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • internal nose
  • subdivided by a nasal septum (ethmoid vomer and cartilage)
  • floor: hard and soft (bony) palate (muscular)
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithalium
  • superior part: olfactory epithelium + bipolar neurons of CNS
  • functions: warm/humidify air, olfaction, filter air, phonation
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14
Q

Lateral Side of Nasal Cavity

A
  • 3 pairs of bones (turbinate bones)
  • superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
  • function: create air trubulance: help swirl air around nasal cavity to help warm and humidify air by keeping it in the nose longer
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15
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A
  • paired cavities/spaces within some of the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity
  • maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal
  • functions: lighten skull bones, warm and humidify air, provide resonance to voice
  • don’t fully form till after puberty
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16
Q

Pharynx

A
  • throat
  • connects the nasal cavity and mouth, to the larynx and esophagus
  • contains several groups of tonsils
  • subdivided into nasopharyns, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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17
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • directly behind the nasal cavity
  • inferior/lower border is soft palate
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • only air normally travels through here
  • contains openings for auditory (eustachian) tubes
18
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
  • directly behind the oral cavity
  • both air and food travel in here
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
19
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • from hyoid bone to the superior border of esophagus
  • transports both food and air
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
20
Q

Larynx

A
  • anterior to exophagus (food tube) in neck
  • voice box
  • functions: phonation, transports air to/from trachea
  • contains many different cartilages connected together by ligaments (tyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytneoid)
21
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A
  • forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
  • V shaped
  • Laryngeal prominence more prominent in males
22
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

-a ring of cartilage underneath thyroid cartilage and directly above trachea

23
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • spoon shaped cartilage at top of larynx

- function: closes over larynx when we swallow

24
Q

Vocal Folds

A
  • left and right
  • true vocal cords
  • attach from arytenoid to thyroid cartilage
  • sound is produced when the cords vibrate against the pressure of air
  • more air being forced through the larynx - louder sound
  • longer=lower tones=tighter
  • shorter=higher tones=looser
25
Q

Trachea

A
  • connects to larynx superiorly
  • travels from the neck into the thorax, where it splits into left and right primary bronchi
  • composition: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
26
Q

Why does change occur in chronic smokers lining turns into stratified squamous?

A
  • protective

- consequence: no cilia/mucus so smokers cough is necessary to clear the trachea

27
Q

Pleura

A
  • serous membrane
  • secretes serous fluid
  • parietal pleura: lines thoracic wall
  • visceral pleura: covers lungs
  • pleural cavity: between parietal and visceral pleura
  • serous fluid in pleural cavity
28
Q

Blood Supply to Lungs

A
  • pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from (RV–>pulmonary trunk–>pulmonary arteries–>LA) heart to the lungs
  • pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen back to the heart (LA)
29
Q

Surface Anatomy of Lungs

A
  • right lung: superior, middle, and inferior lobe

- left lung: superior and inferior lobe

30
Q

Bronchial Tree

A
  • as inhaled air travels in tubes, they get progressively smaller
  • epithelium and composition of tubes changes
  • largest bronchi have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - this epithelium changes to cuboidal and then to simple squamous epithelium as you travel down
  • cartilage disappears in the smaller tubes, and is replaced by smooth muscle in the bronchioles
31
Q

Conduction Portion of Bronchial Tree

A
  • left and right primary bronchi
  • secondary (lobar) bronchi
  • tertiary (segmental) bronchi
  • bronchioles
32
Q

Primary Bronchi

A
  • one goes to each lung
  • lined with psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
  • these structures are outside the lung
  • irregular plates of cartilage
  • once they enter the lung they divide into secondary
33
Q

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi

A
  • go to one lobe of each lung
  • irregular cartilage plates
  • 3 in right 2 in left
34
Q

Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi

A
  • supply one specific segment of the lung (bronchopulmonary segments)
  • still have some cartilage
  • segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi and these smaller bronchi divide into bronchioles
  • psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
35
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • no cartilage here
  • cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle (when contracts–>bronchoconstriction-parasympathetic, when loosens–>bronchiodialation-sympathetic)
  • last generation of bronchioles in conducting portion are terminal bronchioles
36
Q

Respiratory Portion

A
  • gas exchange occurs
  • respiratory bronchiles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
37
Q

Respiratory Bronchiles (Tissue)

A

-simple cubodal epithelium

38
Q

Alveolar Ducts (Tissue)

A

-simple squamous epithelium, good for diffusion

39
Q

Alveoli

A
  • smallest units of respiratory portion

- simple squamous epithelium

40
Q

Bronchitis vs. Pneumonia

A
  • similarities: both cause inflammation of part of respiratory passageways
  • differences: bronchitis is inflamed bronchi, caused by infection or exposure to irritants like smoking. pneumonia is inflamed alveoli cause by infection, respiratory membrane thickens and fluid/leukocytes fill alveoli
41
Q

Function of Tonsils

A

-provide first line of defense against pathogens in air, food or drink

42
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

-simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus and the simple squamous epithelium of a pulmonary capillary

Anatomy A-215 (24 decks)

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