Exam 3: Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

-process of gas exchange in the body

Question 2

Inhalation

Answer 2

-breathing in, inspiration

Question 3

Exhalation

Answer 3

-breathing out, expiration

Question 4

Respiratory Subdivisions

Answer 4

• conduction portion

- respiratory portion

Question 5

Conducting Portion

Answer 5

• conducts and transfers air, no gas exchange here

- nose and paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles

Question 6

Respiratory Portion

Answer 6

• gas exchange occurs here

- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 7

Functions of Respiratory System

Answer 7

• respiration/gas exchange (oxygen inhaled, carbon dioxide exhaled)
• filters inspired air
• warms and humidifies inspired air
• phonation
• olfaction

Question 8

Filters Inspired Air

Answer 8

• noes hairs trap particles
• goblet cells secrete mucus to trap materials
• cillia moves material away from lungs

Question 9

Warms and Humidifies Inspired Air

Answer 9

• mucosa of nasal cavity
• paranasal sinuses do this
• blood vessels in mucosa warm air
• moisture from mucus

Question 10

Phonation

Answer 10

• laryns (voice box)
• paranasal sinuses
• nasal cavity
• sinuses and nasal cavity provide a resonance to the voice

Question 11

Olfaction

Answer 11

• upper poriton of nasal cavity has olfactory epithelium (psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium plus bipolar neurons)
• odor molecules dissolve in mucus to be detected

Question 12

Nose

Answer 12

-has nostrils (external nares)

Question 13

Nasal Cavity

Answer 13

• internal nose
• subdivided by a nasal septum (ethmoid vomer and cartilage)
• floor: hard and soft (bony) palate (muscular)
• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithalium
• superior part: olfactory epithelium + bipolar neurons of CNS
• functions: warm/humidify air, olfaction, filter air, phonation

Question 14

Lateral Side of Nasal Cavity

Answer 14

• 3 pairs of bones (turbinate bones)
• superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
• function: create air trubulance: help swirl air around nasal cavity to help warm and humidify air by keeping it in the nose longer

Question 15

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 15

• paired cavities/spaces within some of the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity
• maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal
• functions: lighten skull bones, warm and humidify air, provide resonance to voice
• don’t fully form till after puberty

Question 16

Pharynx

Answer 16

• throat
• connects the nasal cavity and mouth, to the larynx and esophagus
• contains several groups of tonsils
• subdivided into nasopharyns, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 17

Nasopharynx

Answer 17

• directly behind the nasal cavity
• inferior/lower border is soft palate
• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• only air normally travels through here
• contains openings for auditory (eustachian) tubes

Question 18

Oropharynx

Answer 18

• from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
• directly behind the oral cavity
• both air and food travel in here
• nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 19

Laryngopharynx

Answer 19

• from hyoid bone to the superior border of esophagus
• transports both food and air
• nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 20

Larynx

Answer 20

• anterior to exophagus (food tube) in neck
• voice box
• functions: phonation, transports air to/from trachea
• contains many different cartilages connected together by ligaments (tyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytneoid)

Question 21

Thyroid Cartilage

Answer 21

• forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
• V shaped
• Laryngeal prominence more prominent in males

Question 22

Cricoid Cartilage

Answer 22

-a ring of cartilage underneath thyroid cartilage and directly above trachea

Question 23

Epiglottis

Answer 23

• spoon shaped cartilage at top of larynx

- function: closes over larynx when we swallow

Question 24

Vocal Folds

Answer 24

• left and right
• true vocal cords
• attach from arytenoid to thyroid cartilage
• sound is produced when the cords vibrate against the pressure of air
• more air being forced through the larynx - louder sound
• longer=lower tones=tighter
• shorter=higher tones=looser

Question 25

Trachea

Answer 25

- connects to larynx superiorly - travels from the neck into the thorax, where it splits into left and right primary bronchi - composition: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Question 26

Why does change occur in chronic smokers lining turns into stratified squamous?

Answer 26

- protective | - consequence: no cilia/mucus so smokers cough is necessary to clear the trachea

Question 27

Pleura

Answer 27

- serous membrane - secretes serous fluid - parietal pleura: lines thoracic wall - visceral pleura: covers lungs - pleural cavity: between parietal and visceral pleura - serous fluid in pleural cavity

Question 28

Blood Supply to Lungs

Answer 28

- pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from (RV-->pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->LA) heart to the lungs - pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen back to the heart (LA)

Question 29

Surface Anatomy of Lungs

Answer 29

- right lung: superior, middle, and inferior lobe | - left lung: superior and inferior lobe

Question 30

Bronchial Tree

Answer 30

- as inhaled air travels in tubes, they get progressively smaller - epithelium and composition of tubes changes - largest bronchi have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - this epithelium changes to cuboidal and then to simple squamous epithelium as you travel down - cartilage disappears in the smaller tubes, and is replaced by smooth muscle in the bronchioles

Question 31

Conduction Portion of Bronchial Tree

Answer 31

- left and right primary bronchi - secondary (lobar) bronchi - tertiary (segmental) bronchi - bronchioles

Question 32

Primary Bronchi

Answer 32

- one goes to each lung - lined with psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium - these structures are outside the lung - irregular plates of cartilage - once they enter the lung they divide into secondary

Question 33

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi

Answer 33

- go to one lobe of each lung - irregular cartilage plates - 3 in right 2 in left

Question 34

Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi

Answer 34

- supply one specific segment of the lung (bronchopulmonary segments) - still have some cartilage - segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi and these smaller bronchi divide into bronchioles - psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium

Question 35

Bronchioles

Answer 35

- no cartilage here - cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle (when contracts-->bronchoconstriction-parasympathetic, when loosens-->bronchiodialation-sympathetic) - last generation of bronchioles in conducting portion are terminal bronchioles

Question 36

Respiratory Portion

Answer 36

- gas exchange occurs - respiratory bronchiles - alveolar ducts - alveoli

Question 37

Respiratory Bronchiles (Tissue)

Answer 37

-simple cubodal epithelium

Question 38

Alveolar Ducts (Tissue)

Answer 38

-simple squamous epithelium, good for diffusion

Question 39

Alveoli

Answer 39

- smallest units of respiratory portion | - simple squamous epithelium

Question 40

Bronchitis vs. Pneumonia

Answer 40

- similarities: both cause inflammation of part of respiratory passageways - differences: bronchitis is inflamed bronchi, caused by infection or exposure to irritants like smoking. pneumonia is inflamed alveoli cause by infection, respiratory membrane thickens and fluid/leukocytes fill alveoli

Question 41

Function of Tonsils

Answer 41

-provide first line of defense against pathogens in air, food or drink

Question 42

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 42

-simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus and the simple squamous epithelium of a pulmonary capillary