Exam 3: Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiration
-process of gas exchange in the body
Inhalation
-breathing in, inspiration
Exhalation
-breathing out, expiration
Respiratory Subdivisions
- conduction portion
- respiratory portion
Conducting Portion
- conducts and transfers air, no gas exchange here
- nose and paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Portion
- gas exchange occurs here
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Functions of Respiratory System
- respiration/gas exchange (oxygen inhaled, carbon dioxide exhaled)
- filters inspired air
- warms and humidifies inspired air
- phonation
- olfaction
Filters Inspired Air
- noes hairs trap particles
- goblet cells secrete mucus to trap materials
- cillia moves material away from lungs
Warms and Humidifies Inspired Air
- mucosa of nasal cavity
- paranasal sinuses do this
- blood vessels in mucosa warm air
- moisture from mucus
Phonation
- laryns (voice box)
- paranasal sinuses
- nasal cavity
- sinuses and nasal cavity provide a resonance to the voice
Olfaction
- upper poriton of nasal cavity has olfactory epithelium (psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium plus bipolar neurons)
- odor molecules dissolve in mucus to be detected
Nose
-has nostrils (external nares)
Nasal Cavity
- internal nose
- subdivided by a nasal septum (ethmoid vomer and cartilage)
- floor: hard and soft (bony) palate (muscular)
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithalium
- superior part: olfactory epithelium + bipolar neurons of CNS
- functions: warm/humidify air, olfaction, filter air, phonation
Lateral Side of Nasal Cavity
- 3 pairs of bones (turbinate bones)
- superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
- function: create air trubulance: help swirl air around nasal cavity to help warm and humidify air by keeping it in the nose longer
Paranasal Sinuses
- paired cavities/spaces within some of the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity
- maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal
- functions: lighten skull bones, warm and humidify air, provide resonance to voice
- don’t fully form till after puberty
Pharynx
- throat
- connects the nasal cavity and mouth, to the larynx and esophagus
- contains several groups of tonsils
- subdivided into nasopharyns, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
- directly behind the nasal cavity
- inferior/lower border is soft palate
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- only air normally travels through here
- contains openings for auditory (eustachian) tubes
Oropharynx
- from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
- directly behind the oral cavity
- both air and food travel in here
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
- from hyoid bone to the superior border of esophagus
- transports both food and air
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Larynx
- anterior to exophagus (food tube) in neck
- voice box
- functions: phonation, transports air to/from trachea
- contains many different cartilages connected together by ligaments (tyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytneoid)
Thyroid Cartilage
- forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
- V shaped
- Laryngeal prominence more prominent in males
Cricoid Cartilage
-a ring of cartilage underneath thyroid cartilage and directly above trachea
Epiglottis
- spoon shaped cartilage at top of larynx
- function: closes over larynx when we swallow
Vocal Folds
- left and right
- true vocal cords
- attach from arytenoid to thyroid cartilage
- sound is produced when the cords vibrate against the pressure of air
- more air being forced through the larynx - louder sound
- longer=lower tones=tighter
- shorter=higher tones=looser
Trachea
- connects to larynx superiorly
- travels from the neck into the thorax, where it splits into left and right primary bronchi
- composition: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Why does change occur in chronic smokers lining turns into stratified squamous?
- protective
- consequence: no cilia/mucus so smokers cough is necessary to clear the trachea
Pleura
- serous membrane
- secretes serous fluid
- parietal pleura: lines thoracic wall
- visceral pleura: covers lungs
- pleural cavity: between parietal and visceral pleura
- serous fluid in pleural cavity
Blood Supply to Lungs
- pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from (RV–>pulmonary trunk–>pulmonary arteries–>LA) heart to the lungs
- pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen back to the heart (LA)
Surface Anatomy of Lungs
- right lung: superior, middle, and inferior lobe
- left lung: superior and inferior lobe
Bronchial Tree
- as inhaled air travels in tubes, they get progressively smaller
- epithelium and composition of tubes changes
- largest bronchi have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - this epithelium changes to cuboidal and then to simple squamous epithelium as you travel down
- cartilage disappears in the smaller tubes, and is replaced by smooth muscle in the bronchioles
Conduction Portion of Bronchial Tree
- left and right primary bronchi
- secondary (lobar) bronchi
- tertiary (segmental) bronchi
- bronchioles
Primary Bronchi
- one goes to each lung
- lined with psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
- these structures are outside the lung
- irregular plates of cartilage
- once they enter the lung they divide into secondary
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
- go to one lobe of each lung
- irregular cartilage plates
- 3 in right 2 in left
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi
- supply one specific segment of the lung (bronchopulmonary segments)
- still have some cartilage
- segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi and these smaller bronchi divide into bronchioles
- psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
Bronchioles
- no cartilage here
- cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle (when contracts–>bronchoconstriction-parasympathetic, when loosens–>bronchiodialation-sympathetic)
- last generation of bronchioles in conducting portion are terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Portion
- gas exchange occurs
- respiratory bronchiles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
Respiratory Bronchiles (Tissue)
-simple cubodal epithelium
Alveolar Ducts (Tissue)
-simple squamous epithelium, good for diffusion
Alveoli
- smallest units of respiratory portion
- simple squamous epithelium
Bronchitis vs. Pneumonia
- similarities: both cause inflammation of part of respiratory passageways
- differences: bronchitis is inflamed bronchi, caused by infection or exposure to irritants like smoking. pneumonia is inflamed alveoli cause by infection, respiratory membrane thickens and fluid/leukocytes fill alveoli
Function of Tonsils
-provide first line of defense against pathogens in air, food or drink
Respiratory Membrane
-simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus and the simple squamous epithelium of a pulmonary capillary
