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Exam 4 parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vector for Chagas’ disease

A

Kissing bug (traitomine insect)

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2
Q

What is the vector for African Sleeping Sickness

A

TseTse fly

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3
Q

How does toxoplasmosis infect someone?

A

through ingestion of cysts

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4
Q

What is the vector for river blindness (onchocerciasis)

A

Black fly

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5
Q

What is the vector for babesiosis?

A

Deer tick (I. scapularis)

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6
Q

What is the vector of leishmaniasis?

A

Sand fly

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7
Q

What is the vector for lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)?

A

Mosquito

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8
Q

What is the treatment of Onchocerciasis?

A

invermectin

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9
Q

What is the larval stage of onchocerciasis that infects humans?

A

L3 larvae

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10
Q

Where does onchocerciasis mature and sexually reproduce?

A

Under the skin of the human host

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11
Q

What is the target of ivermectin? What’s it used for?

A

unsheathed microfilariae which are the offspring of adult sexual reproduction, onchocerciasis

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12
Q

Where is onchocerciasis endemic to?

A

Sub-saharan Africa

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13
Q

What is the species that causes onchocerciasis?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of onchocerciasis?

A

Nodules under the skin, hyper pigmented skin (post inflammatory response), severe itching, eye lesions, skin lesions, keratitis

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15
Q

How is onchocerciasis positively diagnosed

A

skin snip method

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16
Q

What is one way that has proved useful to eliminate onchocerciasis as a public health problem?

A

Mass drug administration

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ivermectin? What’s it used for?

A

binds to and blocks glutamate-gated chloride channels that are present in invertebrate muscle and nerve cells; onchocerciasis

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18
Q

What are the classic signs of leishmaniasis?

A

Ulcerative skin lesions with raised outer border, mucocutaneous lesions, marked splenomegaly

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19
Q

What stage of leishmania infects humans?

A

promastigote

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20
Q

What is required by leishmania promastigotes to achieve mammalian life cycle stage?

A

phagocytosis by macrophage to replicate in phagolysosome, evades immune system

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21
Q

What are the three kinds of leishmania?

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (old world, new world), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis

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22
Q

What causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

metastasis of an untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis

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23
Q

What’s the worst kind of leishmania?

A

visceral leishmaniasis

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24
Q

What are symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?

A

weight loss, enlarged spleen and liver, low blood counts

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25
How do you definitively diagnose leishmaniasis?
microscopic detection in blood or tissue sample, serological tests for visceral leishmania
26
What are the treatments of leishmania?
Sodium stibogluconate, meglumine antimoniate, Miltefosine, Liposomal amphotericin B
27
What are the actions of sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate, what are they used for?
Leishmaniasis, organic antimonials
28
What is the mechanism of miltefosine? What's it used for?
misunderstood mechanism; leishmaniasis?
29
What is the mechanism amphotericin B? What's it used for?
Binds ergosterol to form pores in membranes; VISCERAL leishmaniasis
30
What does leishmaniasis look like under the microscope?
Depends on the life stage, but its intracellular when in the macrophages (looks like 2 dots for the HE stain)
31
What are the effects of a chronic Chagas' disease infection?
cardiomyopathy, megacolonic segment, megaesophagus
32
What are the acute symptoms of Chagas' disease
often asymptomatic, but can be mild typical immune response to infection
33
What causes Chagas' disease?
T. cruzi
34
Where does T. cruz replicate?
intracellularly
35
How is Chagas' disease (T. cruzi) definitively diagnosed?
ID of parasites in blood, chronic infection is usually diagnosed with more than one serological test
36
What is the treatment of Chagas' disease (T. cruzi)
Nifurtimox and Benznidazole
37
What is the mechanisms of action for nifurtimox? What does it treat?
Induces oxidative stress due to inhibition of NAD(P)H-dependent dehydrogenases; Chagas' disease (T. cruzi)
38
What is the mechanism of action for benznidazole?
Induces oxidative stress due to inhibition of NAD(P)H-dependent dehydrogenases; Chagas' disease (T. cruzi)
39
What is required for nifurtimox and benznidazole to work?
Type-I nitroreductase to turn it from prodrug to active form
40
What does T. cruzi look like under the microscope
depends on what point it is in the life cycle; looks like T. brucei extracellularly, can be intracellular
41
What point in its life cycle does T. brucei infect humans at?
metacyclic trypomastigotes
42
What is a dead giveaway for T. brucei over T. cruzi
T. brucei reproduces asexually out of cells; they will be connected extracellularly
43
Where does T. brucei reproduce/live?
Extracellular. ALWAYS.
44
What two forms of T. brucei; where are they found?
T. brucei gambiense (West Africa, less severe), T. brucei rhodesiense (East Africa, acute)
45
What causes African sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei
46
What are side effects of African Sleeping sickness?
First stage: Chancre at bite site, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, muscle and joint aches. Second stage: CNS development, somnolence (extreme sleepiness), altered gait, tremors, cranial neuropathies
47
What are the time scales for symptoms of T. brucei gambiense and rhodesiense?
Gambiense: CNS involvement after 1-2 years, death in 3 if not treated. Rhodesiense: CNS involvement after a few weeks, death in months if untreated
48
What makes T. brucei gambiense so difficult to treat?
"Waves" of parasitemia where the parasite changes its active surface glycoproteins
49
What are treatments of African sleeping sickness?
Suramin, Pentamidine, Eflornithine, Melarsoprol
50
Whats the mechanism of action for suramin? What does it treat?
inhibits enzymes of pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathway; African sleeping sickness
51
What is the mechanism of action of pentamidine? What does it treat?
Interferes with DNA replication of mt genome; african sleeping sickness
52
What is the mechanism of action of eflornithine? What does it treat?
inhibits ornithine decarboxylase; african sleeping sickness
53
What is the mechanism of action of melarsoprol? What does it treat?
may relate to metabolism; african sleeping sickness
54
What does lymphatic filariasis cause?
elephantitis
55
What species causes lymphatic filariasis?
Wucheria bancrofti
56
What stage of Wucheria bancrofti is injected into humans?
L3 larvae
57
What stage of Wucheria bancrofti causes elephantitis?
Unsheathed microfilariae migrating to blood and lymph channels
58
What is the treatment of lymphatic filariasis?
Diethylcarbamazine
59
What is the mechanism of action of diethylcarbamazine? What does it treat?
arachidonic acid metabolic pathway of microfilariae; lymphatic filariasis
60
What causes toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii
61
How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?
Via ingestion of oocyst from uncooked meat or cleaning a cat's litter box
62
What are symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
In immunocompromised: fever, confusion, headaches, seizures, nausea, poor coordination Ocular toxoplasmosis: red, painful photophobic eye "headlight in the fog" Can cause abnormal head size in fetus
63
Do you treat toxoplasmosis?
Not always, unless pregnant or immunocompromised
64
What are the treatments of toxoplasmosis?
Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, spiramycin in pregnant women, Atovaquone

Skin/MSk (31 decks)

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