Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Skin/MSk > Exam 3 embryology > Flashcards

Exam 3 embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What layer does the skull and face bones come from?

A

Neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What layer does the base of the skull, vertebrae and ribs come from?

A

paraxial mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What layer does the appendicular skeleton come from?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What week does the skeleton begin forming?

A

Week 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the immature form of somites?

A

somitomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What induces the formation of somites?

A

Neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does development of somites progress (direction)?

A

Rostral to caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What genes induce the formation of somites?

A

Hox (homeobox)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

Loosely organized embryonic connective tissue derived from mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is intramembranous ossification? What kind of bones?

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is endochondral ossification? What kind of bones?

A

Mesenchymal cells transform into chondroblasts, lay down hyaline cartilage. Osteoblasts come in and continue laying down bone. Long bones (femur, phalanges, sternum, vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is bone growth complete?

A

when epiphyseal plate disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is marfan syndrome?

A

autosomal dominant disorder due to mutation for fibrilin that affects connective tissue; results in long thin limps and CV/lung problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What layer does skeletal muscle form from?

A

paraxial mesoderm > somites > dermomyotome > myotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What layer does smooth and cardiac muscle form from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm–> splanchnic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain steps of myogenesis

A

mesoderm >mesenchyme >myoblasts >myotubes >multinucleated muscle fibers > striated skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What gives rise to myoepithelial cells of mammary and sweat glands and iris muscle?

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is unique about the formation of vertebrae?

A

They are intersegmental, formed by caudal part of one and the rostral part of another somite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What forms the nucleus pulposis?

A

The notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What forms the annulus fibrosis of the vertebrae?

A

sclerotome

21
Q

How does spina bifida develop?

A

failure of the neural tube to close, meaning vertebral arch fails to fuse

22
Q

Describe Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele

A

Occulta: least severe, lumbosacral region, tuft of hair. Meningocele: meninges protrude through defect in spinal cord or skull. Meningomyelocele: most severe, meninges and spinal cord protrude through defect

23
Q

Describe congenital dermal sinus

A

Neural ectoderm fails to completely separate from surface ectoderm, meaning spinal cord may be tethered/open to environment

24
Q

Describe hemivertebrae; what does it cause?

A

failure of one ossification center on side of vertebral body. Causes congenital scoliosis.

25
Q

Describe congenital brevicollis (Klippel-Feil sequence)

A

shortened neck due to non-segmentation of cervical vertebrae

26
Q

What is pectus excavatum

A

concave chest due to defect in sternal development, can compress lungs, shift heart

27
Q

Where do ribs start to form?

A

costal processes of thoracic vertebrae

28
Q

What causes thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

cervical C7 rib, can compress neuromuscular structures supplying upper limb

29
Q

What does the epimere develop in to?

A

Erector spinae/spinal muscles

30
Q

What structure leaves the spinal cord to innervate the erector spinae?

A

Dorsal primary rami

31
Q

What does the hypomere develop into?

A

Thoracic muscles

32
Q

What structure innervates the hypomere muscles?

A

ventral primary rami

33
Q

Describe poland syndrome

A

Failure in the development of the pectoralis muscles, usually unilateral

34
Q

Describe prune belly syndrome

A

poor development of abdominal muscle wall causing skin to wrinkle, usually urinary tract abnormalities and descent of the testicles

35
Q

Describe congenital torticollis

A

spasm or shortening of sternocleidomastoid muscles

36
Q

What forms first, upper limbs or lower limbs?

A

Upper limbs form first

37
Q

What genes control positioning of the limbs?

A

Homeobox (Hox) genes

38
Q

Where does the upper limb bud first form?

A

C5-T1 somite levels

39
Q

Where does the lower limb bud first form?

A

L2-S2 somite levels

40
Q

What category does the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) fall into?

A

a placode

41
Q

What is the apical ectodermal ridge?

A

thickening at the distal end of the limb bud which secretes FGFs

42
Q

What polarity does the AER help the limbs form into?

A

Proximal and distal axis

43
Q

How does the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) form?

A

respond to FGFs from the AER

44
Q

What genes does the ZPA express?

A

sonic hedgehog gene

45
Q

What axis does the ZPA help to develop?

A

anterior-posterior axis (pinky vs thumb)

46
Q

What is absence of malformation of one or more limbs called?

A

Amelia

47
Q

What is partial absence of a limb called?

A

Meromelia or phocomelia

48
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

Failure of apoptosis resulting in webbed fingers or toes

49
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

duplication of digits

Skin/MSk (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions