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Nursing 120 > Exam 4 - Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a dislocation?

A

joint surfaces are no longer in tact

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2
Q

what is subluxation?

A

articular cartilages are partially separated

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3
Q

what should you do for treatment of subluxation and dislocation?

A

check for neurovascular compromise
REDUCE
Stop movement
x-ray

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4
Q

what is a strain

A

tearing injury of muscle or tendon from bone

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5
Q

how is a strain start

A

over extension
over stretching
wrenching
twisting

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6
Q

how is a strain treated

A

RICE

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7
Q

what is a sprain?

A

stretching or tearing of ligaments

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8
Q

what is the treatment of sprain

A

RICE

NSAIDs

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9
Q

what are the four causes of fractures

A

stress
fatigue
trauma
pathological

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10
Q

what is a greenstick fracture

A

bone and bendy fracture

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11
Q

what is a spiral fracture

A

a fracture caused by a rotating force

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12
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

a fracture that splits into one or more pieces

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13
Q

what is a transverse fracture

A

break across the bone at a right angle to the long axis of the bone

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14
Q

what is a compound fracture

A

where it pierces the skin

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15
Q

what does displaced mean

A

two fractured bones are out of place and not in contact

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16
Q

what does non displaced mean

A

the two fractured parts are broken but may still be in contact

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17
Q

what does closed mean

A

not penetrating the skin

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18
Q

what is a complete fracture

A

the whole bone breaks all the way through

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19
Q

what does incomplete mean

A

bones break but not in two complete separate pieces

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20
Q

what is a compression fracture

A

when a bone breaks because it is being compressed (back)

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21
Q

what is an impaction fracture

A

when a bone breaks and collapses into another bone

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22
Q

what is an oblique fracture

A

basically at an angle??

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23
Q

what is avulsion

A

when a tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of bone

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24
Q

how do you assess a fracture

A 
mechanism of injury
physical exam
history exam
CT xray 
neurovascular exam
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25
Q

what are the 5 P’s

A 
pain
pallor
parasthesia
paralysis
pulse
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26
Q

emergency care of fracture

A

immobilize
ice
cover open fractures

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27
Q 
extensive local trauma
severely comminuted 
space between bone fractures
bone loss from injury or surgical excision
decreased blood supply
inaduqeate immobilization
infection
smoking 
medications
post menopausal

can all do what

A

inhibit bone healing

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28
Q 
bone fragment contact
effective immobilization
sufficient blood supply
exercise and weight bearing activity
nutrition
adeuqate hormone levels

all can do what

A

heal a bone correctly

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29
Q

what is an open reduction

A

fixed surgically

30
Q

what is closed reduction

A

fixed non surgically

31
Q

how is realignment confirmed?

A

xray

neurovascular assessment

32
Q

nursing considerations for cast care

A 
inspect edges
elevate
window in for cast assessment
keep dry
no object itching
33
Q

internal fixation

A

rods, pins, plate, screws

34
Q

external fixation

A

wires placed through the skin and bone fragments and attached to external frame

35
Q

pin site considerations

A 
pain
swelling
redness
loosening of pins
tenting
antibiotics
36
Q

what is traction

A

use of weights rope and pulleys to immobilize and set a fracture

37
Q

what is skin traction

A

applied to the skin

38
Q

bucks traction

A

pulls leg straight out

39
Q

bryants traction

A

pulls legs up in the air

40
Q

compartment syndrome

A

dangerous increase in pressure in muscle compartment

41
Q

steps of bone healing

A
  1. hematoma forms
  2. hematoma to granulation tissue
  3. callus forms
  4. osteoblatic proliferation
  5. bone remodel
  6. bone healing
42
Q

where do compartment syndrome usually happen?

A

tibia fractures

forearm

43
Q

why does compartment syndrome cause pain?

A

increase in edema takes a toll on the nerve endings

44
Q

post op care for bone fracture

A

toradol for inflammation and pain

watch for infection

45
Q

fat globules are released from yellow marrow into the blood stream and clog small blood vessels that supply vital organs, usually lungs, and impair organ perfusion

A

fat embolism syndrome

46
Q

what fractures develop a fat embolism syndrome?

A

bones with a lot of marrow

pelvis, sternum, femur

47
Q

signs and symptoms of fat embolism syndrome

A

low arterial o2 (hypoxemia)
dyspnea
tachypnea
petechia

48
Q

who’s at the greatest risk for fat embolism

A

20 - 40 y/o men
70 - 80 year old
hip and pelvis fracture 24-72hr after injury or surgery

49
Q

earliest sign of fat embolism

A

altered mental status

50
Q

fat embolism treatment

A 
bed rest
gentle handling
oxygen
hydration
fracture immobilization
51
Q

risk factors for DVT

A

immobilization
dehydration
damage to veins

52
Q

signs and symptoms of DVT

A

red hot swollen calf

pain

53
Q

diagnosis of DVT

A

ultra sound
D dimer
venography

54
Q

DVT treatment

A

elevation
movement
anticoagulation
compression socks

55
Q

signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

tachycardia
dyspnea
pleuritic chest pain

56
Q

how to diagnose a PE

A

chest CT
D dimer
V/Q scan

57
Q

PE treamtent

A

resp support
anticoag
analgesics
surgery if needed

58
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection or inflammation of bone

59
Q

signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis

A 
erythema 
bone pain
edema
malasise
fever
60
Q

how is osteomyelitis diagnosed

A

x ray
bone scan
lab work
biopsy

61
Q

treatment for osteomyelitis

A

surgery/debridement

antibiotics

62
Q

avascular necrosis

A

bone that lost blood supply and died

63
Q

delayed union

A

bone takes long to heal than usual

64
Q

malunion

A

bone does not heal correctly

65
Q

non union

A

bone does not heal

66
Q

what drug should not be used on an older adult with a broken hip

A

meperidine or demerol

cause seizures

67
Q

hip precautions

A 
dislocation
adduction of hip
avoid flexion of hip greater than 90
no crossing leg
no rotation of toes
transfer on unaffected
follow weight bearing activity carefully
68
Q

acute indications of amputation

A

trauma
malignancy
peripheral arterial

69
Q

chronic indications of amputatiaon

A

peripheral vascular disease
diabetes
osteomyleitis

70
Q

peripheral circulation tests

A

doppler unltrasound
ankle-brachial index
angiography

Nursing 120 (21 decks)

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