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Nursing 120 > Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the precautions on a drug label?

A

steps taken before to prevent harm

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2
Q

relative contraindication

A

does the benefit outweigh the risk? vice versa

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3
Q

absolute contraindication

A

used together could cause life threatening effect

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4
Q

indications

A

what is the drug approved for?

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5
Q

therapeutic classification

A

what is being treated by the drug (i.e. antihypertensive)

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6
Q

pharmacologic classification

A

how the drug acts (i.e. beta blocker)

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7
Q

bioavailability

A

how long and what it has to do in order to be absorbed and put into the blood stream

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8
Q

reconstituions

A

creating a powder into a liquid for oral or parenteral admin

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9
Q

what do you reconstitute oral meds with?

A

water

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10
Q

what do you reconstitute parenteral meds with?

A

saline
sterile h20
follow label directions

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11
Q

what is a suspension?

A

powder mixed with medicated liquid

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12
Q

what do you do after reconstitution?

A 
date and time of prep
strength
date and time of expiration
store directions
my initials
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13
Q

what pills should not be crushed?

A

extended release
slow release
time crucial pills

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14
Q

when should you crush a no crush pill

A

when the doc prescribes it

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15
Q

when should you use the z track method?

A

during IM injections

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16
Q

mixing meds rule of thumb

A

clear and clear you’re in the clear

clear and cloudy you’re getting noddy

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17
Q

sharps precautions

A

drop in box immediately after covering (after injection)
change at 2/3 full
don’t reach in

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18
Q

onset

A

how long does it take to start working?

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19
Q

peak

A

when it is working most

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20
Q

med order includes…

A 
full name
dob
date and time of order
name of med
dosage
route
time and freq
phys signature
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21
Q

what are the four different types of orders?

A

single/1time
STAT
standing
PRN

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22
Q

when should a STAT order be given?

A

within 30 min

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23
Q

when should a single order be given?

A

within 1 hour

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24
Q

when should a standing order be given?

A

until discontinued order has been given

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25
Q

ASA

A

aspirin

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26
Q

APAP

A

tylenol or acetaminaphin

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27
Q

10 traits of an ideal drug

A 
effective
inexpensive
safe and no adverse effects
reversible
short duration with infrequent dose
no interactions
easy name
convenient
fast
eliminated quickly
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28
Q

what are the schedules of a controlled substance?

A

1 thru 5

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29
Q

what is an example of a schedule 1 drug

A

heroine

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30
Q

what is an example of a schedule 2 drug

A

morphine and codeine, cocaine

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31
Q

what is an example of a schedule 3 drug

A

buprenorphine

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32
Q

what is an example of a schedule 4 drug

A

the “AM’s”

alazaopram

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33
Q

what is an example of a schedule 5 drug

A

cough medicines

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34
Q

what are the five rights

A 
med 
dose
person
time
route
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35
Q

what is the nurses role to administer meds?

A

transcribe, verify, dispense and deliver

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36
Q

why are drugs enteric coated?

A

to be dissolved and absorbed in small intestine because it might bother the stomach

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37
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

how the drug moves through the body

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38
Q

how do drugs move across a membrane?

A

through active and passive transport

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39
Q

what is passive transport?

A

transportation from a high to low concentration

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40
Q

what kind of drugs use passive transport?

A

small, non ionized and lipid soluble

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41
Q

what kind of drugs use active transport?

A

large, ionized and water soluable

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42
Q

what is active transport?

A

transportation that uses a carrier protein

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43
Q

what are the two types of active transport?

A

active and facilitated

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44
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

active transport without energy

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45
Q

what is drug absorption

A

the movement of the site of administration to the blood

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46
Q

what are the two things that drug absorption determine?

A

intensity and onset

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47
Q

factors that affect absorption of a drug

A 
dissolution of the drug (dissolving)
surface area
blood circulation
route
bioavailablity
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48
Q

what is the order of fastest drugs?

A 
sublingual
subcutaenous
IM
PO
topical
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49
Q

metabolism

A

enzymatic alteration of drug structure

50
Q

where does most metabolism take place?

A

liver and sometimes kidneys

51
Q

what is the purpose of metabolism?

A

to change drugs from lipid to water soluble for an easier way to excrete them

52
Q

what are prodrugs?

A

a drug that needs metabolism to become therapeutic

53
Q

first pass effect

A

inactivation of a drug before reaching the target organ

54
Q

what type of drugs experience the first pass effect?

A

PO oral - swallowed

ones that reach the stomach and small intestine

55
Q

what are the therapeutic consequences of metabolism?

A 
accelerated renal excretion
drug inactivation
increased therapeutic action
activation of pro drugs
decrease toxicity
increased toxicity
56
Q

how does drug excretion work?

A

drugs are metabolized into small compounds to be removed from body

57
Q

how are drugs excreted?

A

renal
pulmonary
glandular
fecal

58
Q

what happens when there is renal failure?

A

pt may retain the meds

59
Q

what should you do with patients with renal failure who are on meds?

A

lab values!!

make drug dosages lower

60
Q

minimum effective dose

A

amount of drug required for effect

61
Q

therapeutic range

A

range the drug has to release therapeutic action

62
Q

what determines drug safety?

A

the closeness of toxic level range and therapeutic range

63
Q

toxic concentration

A

level resulting in serious adverse effects

64
Q

half life

A

length of time required for drug to reduce by 1/2 after admin

65
Q

plateau

A

amount of drug absorbed equals amount excreted

66
Q

how many half lives until usually eliminated?

A

4.5

67
Q

loading dose

A

high amount given to prime blood stream to induce quick therapeutic response

68
Q

efficacy

A

max response produced from a particular drug

69
Q

potency

A

amount of drug needed to produce a therapeutic effect

70
Q

rule of thumb for dosing and potency

A

less dose given for more potent drug

71
Q

how do most drugs produce their effect?

A

binding onto receptors!

72
Q

how is intermittent variability measured?

A

by frequency distribution curve

73
Q

what is the median effective dose?

A

the amount required to produce 50% therapeutic effect in patients

74
Q

what is the standard dose?

A

median effective dose

75
Q

what is the nurses role in medication dosage accuracy?

A

monitor the patient and change as needed
look at lab values
vitals
assessment

76
Q

what is the therapeutic index?

A

it describes drug safety

77
Q

how to compute therapeutic index?

A

median lethal/median effective

78
Q

what is the four different types of pharmacokinetic drug drug interactions

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

79
Q

what is the absorption drug drug interaction?

A

changing GI speed

80
Q

what is the distribution drug drug interaction

A

ph change
receptor change
more unbound particles raise blood serum levels

81
Q

what is the excretion drug drug interaction

A

increased and decrease excretion

82
Q

what is the three pharmacodynamic drug drug interactions

A

additive
synergystic
antagonistic

83
Q

what is the additive drug drug interaction

A

two drugs produce a combined summation effect

84
Q

what is the synergistic drug drug interaction

A

enhanced response

85
Q

antagonistic drug drug interaction

A

action being canceled

86
Q

what are the drug and food interaction?

A

drug absorption
drug metabolism
drug toxicity
drug action

87
Q

what is the idiosyncratic effect?

A

unusual or unexpected reactions unrelated to the drug often due to genetic variability

88
Q

what is the iatrogenic effect?

A

causing another problem from treatment

89
Q

what is the side effect of dependence?

A

the organ does not function the same after treatment stops

90
Q

what are some geriatric considerations and drug effects (7)

A 
absorption
distribution
metabolism and excretion decreased
polypharmacy
pathology
ability to self manage meds
lack of understanding meds
91
Q

what do geriatrics need in regards to dosage?

A

a smaller dose

92
Q

how does illness and disease affect nutrition? (4)

A

nutritional requirements may increase
intake may increase or decrease
absorption and metabolism of meds and nutrients
excretion (diarrhea, constipation, bloating)`

93
Q

7 ways that drug affect nutrition

A 
cause nausea and vomitting
inhibit and stimulate appetite
alter sense of smell or taste
alter saliva secretion
alter oral mucosa
delay gastric emptying
absorption and excretion of nutrients
94
Q

what are our goals when providing nutritional support?

A

provide adequate nutrients
deliver in through route that is most useful
prevent disability - give them ability!
restore patient function

95
Q

how much fat, carbs, fiber should we have in our diet

A

65 g fat
300 g carbs
25 g fiber

96
Q

how do we prevent malnutrition?

A

CALORIES
MACRO
MICRO

97
Q

what does the nurse do when assessing nutritional status?

A

Antropometric
Biochemical (lab val)
Clinical assessment (appearance?)
Dietary (what do they know?)

98
Q

what happens to your hematocrit when you are dehydrated?

A

it increases

99
Q

how much water should we be drinking in a 24 hour period?

A

2 to 2.5 liter

100
Q

what is the normal range for albumin and what does it test for?

A

3.5 to 5.5 g/dL

does their diet include protein?

101
Q

what is the normal range for pre albumin and what does it do?

A

15 to 36 mg/dL
shorter half life of albumin
better indicator for protein stat

102
Q

what is the normal range for hematocrit and what does it mean?

A

men 38 to 50%
women 35 to 45%
looks at anemia.. low iron, b12, folate

103
Q

what is the normal range for blood urea nitrogen and what does it mean?

A

7 to 20 mg/dL
end product of protein digestion and metabolism
tests kidneys
dehydration and a lot of protein can increase this

104
Q

why do they use clear liquid diets

A

to give the bowels a rest

105
Q

why do they soft low fiber diets

A

for dental problems and choking

106
Q

why do they give mechanical soft diets

A

for chewing problems

107
Q

why do they give high fiber diets

A

to create peristalsis and prevent constiparion

108
Q

what are some ways to prevent aspiration?

A 
oral care
rest between meals
small frequent meals
no distractions
time meds
keep hydrated
109
Q

what does a standard formula contain? for an enteric feeding

A

whole proteins that require normal digestion and absorption

110
Q

what does a hydrolyzed formula contain? or an enteric feeding

A

partially or total digested proteins carbs and fats and usually for those who have problem digesting and absorbing

111
Q

how to avoid re feeding syndrome

A

assess! low and slow

electrolyte imbalance? check.

112
Q

what should you look for in residual for feedings?

A

more than 50 % don’t feed
or
2x the hourly continuous rate

113
Q

what should be done first before feeding he patient?

A

raise head of bed!

114
Q

polymeric feedings

A

pt absorbs whole nutrients

115
Q

modular feedings

A

macronutrients, not nutritioanlly complete

116
Q

elemental feedings

A

predigested nutrients

117
Q

specialty feedings

A

target what is needed by the body for certain disorders

118
Q

what is included in dumping syndrome?

A

diarrhea, vomitting and cramping and distension

119
Q

how should a nurse manage dumping syndrome?

A

slow tube feedings
avoid bacterial growth
administer at room temp
assess new meds that may contribute

120
Q

what is PPN

A

peripheal parenteral nutrition
temporary
isotonic solution

121
Q

what is TPN

A

hypertonic solution
total parenteral nutrition
long term
central vein

122
Q

what is a precaution for TPN?

A

blood glucose readings

Nursing 120 (21 decks)

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