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Nursing 120 > Exam 3 - Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Acid Base Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an acid

A

substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in fluid and increase amount of free H

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2
Q

what is a base

A

binds free hydrogen ions in solution and lowers amount of free H

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3
Q

what is a buffer

A

tries to keep pH at normal levels - can bind hydrogen or release

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4
Q

what is the most common base in the human body

A

HCO3 (bicarbonate)

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5
Q

what is the most common acid in the human body

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

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6
Q

what is the ratio of H2CO3 and HCO3 in the human body

A

1 H2CO3 : 20 HCO3

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7
Q

what does carbohydrate make as a waste product in normal metabolism

A

carbon dioxide

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8
Q

what does protein make as a waste product in normal metabolism

A

sulfuric acid

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9
Q

what does fat make as a waste product in normal metabolism

A

ketoacids

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10
Q

what are the two buffers? and where are they active?

A

phosphate (ICF) and bicarb (both ECF and ICF)

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11
Q

what are the two types of ECF protein buffers?

A

albumin and globulins

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12
Q

what is the ICF protein buffers?

A

hemoglobin

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13
Q

what are the kidneys defense for regulation

A

form ammonium, form acids or movement of bicarbonate

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14
Q

what happens in acidosis

A

excess amount of hydrogen ions (pH below 7.35)

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15
Q

what is actual acidosis

A

overproduction(release of H) or under elimination of acids (retention of H)

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16
Q

what is relative acidosis

A

amount of acids do not increase, amount of strength of bases decrease

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17
Q

where do the first manifestations occur for acidosis?

A

musculoskeletal, cardiac, respiratory, and central nervous system

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18
Q 
what happens when there is a
overproduction of hydrogen ions
under elimination of hydrogen ions
underproduction of bicarbonate ions
and over elimination of bicarbonate ions?
A

metabolic acidosis

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19
Q

how does overproduction of hydrogen ions cause metabolic acidosis

A

excessive breakdown of fatty acids
anaerobic glucose breakdown (lactic acidosis)
excessive intake of acids

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20
Q

how is respiratory acidosis caused?

A

retention of co2

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21
Q

what are the four conditions that may cause respiratory acidosis?

A

respiratory depression
inadequate chest expansion
airway obstruction
reduced alveolar-capillary diffusion

22
Q

interventions of metabolic acidosis?

A

drugs and fluid

23
Q

interventions of respiratory acidosis?

A

drug therapy (bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, mucolytics)
oxygen therapy
ventilation therapy
preventing complications

24
Q

what is alkalosis

A

a decrease in hydrogen ions

25
Q

what are the problems most caused by alkalosis?

A

neuromuscular, cardiac, nervous

26
Q

what causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

excessive intake of carbonates, acetates and citrates

disease process and medical therapy

27
Q

what causes resiratory alkalosis?

A

excessive loss of co2

28
Q

what are the numbers for the pH of pCO2

A

35 below is alkalotic

45 and above is acidotic

29
Q

what are the numbers for the pH of HCO3

A

22 and below is acidotic

26 and above is alkalotic

30
Q

what is the mnemonic for metabolic and respiratory?

A

Respiratory
Opposite
Metabolic
Equal

31
Q

How do you determine the origin of the imbalance?

A

which one matches the same acid base status as the pH

32
Q

how do you determine compensation?

A

present if opposite direction

absent if one component abnormal and other normal

33
Q

what is partial compensation?

A

when pH remains outside the normal range

34
Q

respiratory acidosis is also known as

A

hypoventilation

35
Q

respiratory alkalosis is also known as

A

hyperventilation

36
Q 
tachycardia
dysrhythmias
anxiety
irritability
confusion
coma
A

respiratory acidosis

37
Q 
tachypnea
palpitations
chest pain
dysrhythmias
anxiety
tetany
convulsions
tingling/numbness
A

respiratory alkalosis

38
Q 
bradycardia
tachypnea
hypotension
dysrhythmias
fatigue
weakness
lethargy
confusion
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
A

metabolic acidosis

39
Q 
tachycardia
hypotension
dysrhytmnias 
numbness
tingling
tetany
muscle weakness
hyporeflexia
confusion
convulsions
polyuria
polydipsia
A

metabolic alkalosis

40
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis

A

excessive loss of metabolic acids

bicarb increases

41
Q

how does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis

A

slow shallow breaths
co2 retained
paCO2 increase

42
Q

what is metabolic acidosis

A

bicarbonate loss - too much H+ produced

43
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis

A

carbonic levels fall and pH rises

more than normal co2 is exhaled

44
Q

how does the respiratory alkalosis get compensated

A

kidneys excrete bicarbonate or hyperventilation stops

45
Q

what causes respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation
fever
aspirin toxication

46
Q

what is respiratory acidosis

A

carbonic levels increase and pH decreases

co2 retention

47
Q

how does respiratory acidosis get compensated

A

kidneys retain bicarbonate and eliminate hydrogen

48
Q

what lung diseases causes respiratory acidosis

A 
asthma
copd
penumonia
pulmonary edema
respiratory muscle wall paralysis
49
Q

what CNS depression causes respiratory acidosis

A

anesthesia
narcotic overdose
head injury

50
Q

what is the main treatment for respiratory acidosis

A

increase ventilation to blow off co2!!

Nursing 120 (21 decks)

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