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BIOL 107 > Exam 4: Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 4: Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

describe sources of evidence supporting evolution

A
  • fossils
  • determine age through carbon dating
  • evidence that organisms form the past differ from organisms today
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2
Q

define homologous and vestigial structures

A
  • homologous: similar structures resulting from common ancestor; appendages of humans and dogs
  • vestigial: structures leftover from a past ancestor that have no apparent function; legs in snakes and wings in flightless birds
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3
Q

define species

A
  • group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals
  • must produce fertile offspring
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4
Q

describe how species are identified as different

A
  • distinguished from each other by possibility of mating and producing viable offspring
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5
Q

explain allopatric and sympatric speciation

A
  • allopatric: geographic separation, dispersal when few members move or variance when natural situation physically divides organisms
  • sympatric: occurs in one location, from autopolyploidy or alloploidy
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6
Q

describe adaptive radiation

A
  • speciation with geographic separation (allopatric)
  • multiple speciation events originating from a single species
  • population disperses through an area and each finds a distinct niche or habitat
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7
Q

identify common misconceptions and criticisms of evolution

A
  • evolution is just a theory
  • individuals evolve
  • evolution explains the origin of life
  • organisms evolve on purpose
  • evolution is controversial among scientists
  • other theories should be taught
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8
Q

describe the phylogenic tree of life

A
  • diagram showing evolution and relationships between different organisms
  • map of evolutionary history
  • hypothesis of evolutionary past
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9
Q

define LUCA

A
  • last universal common ancestor
  • cellular organism that has a lipid bilayer and used DNA, RNA, and proteins
  • does not still exist
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10
Q

discuss the need for a comprehensive classification system

A
  • allows us to understand diversity and evolution
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11
Q

list the different taxonomic levels of the classification system

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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12
Q

understand the relationship between taxonomy and evolutionary relationships

A
  • lower levels (domain) have organisms that are less similar while higher levels (species) have organisms that are more similar
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13
Q

describe how taxonomy relates to phylogeny

A
  • taxonomy is based on phylogeny
  • phylogeny shows evolutionary relationships and taxonomy names organisms based on their evolutionary relationships
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14
Q

interpret a phylogenic tree

A
  • rooted: single ancestor at the base of the tree that all organisms represented descended from
  • branch points: where single lineage evolved into distinct new ones
  • length of branches doesn’t correlate with time, can only see common ancestors from branch points
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15
Q

compare asexual and sexual reproduction

A
  • asexual: genetically identical offspring, requires 1 parent, includes budding/fragmentation/parthenogenesis
  • sexual: genetically unique offspring, requires 2 parents, includes fertilization, done by most animals
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16
Q

describe different types of asexual reproduction

A
  • budding: offspring begins growing as a part of the parent and them separates
  • fragmentation: piece of parent separates and offspring develops from that
  • parthenogenesis: unfertilized eggs develop into new offspring
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17
Q

explain the processes of sexual reproduction and early embryonic development

A
  • fertilization: sperm and egg combine to create zygote
  • cleavage: zygote undergoes multiple rapid mitotic divisions to create blastula
  • gastrulation: part of blastula moves inward to create blastospore and embryonic tissue layers
  • organogenesis: organ and tissue development by cell division and differentiation
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18
Q

list the features that distinguish the animal kingdom from other kingdoms

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • heterotrophs
  • have specialized cells
  • mobile at some point in life cycle
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19
Q

describe the features used for animal classification

A
  • symmetry
  • number of tissue layers
  • presence/absence of body cavity (coelom)
  • other features of embryonic development (placenta, external vs internal development)
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20
Q

define symmetry and identify different types

A
  • asymmetry: no pattern or symmetry
  • radial symmetry: multiple planes crossing through the center of the organism
  • bilateral symmetry: one plane creating two mirror-image sides
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21
Q

understand the role of germ layers in development

A
  • germ layers develop into future body tissues
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22
Q

compare diploblastic and triploblastic

A
  • diploblastic: two germ layers, radial symmetry
  • triploblastic: three germ layers, bilateral symmetry, may develop coelom
23
Q

differentiate between protostomes and deuterostomes

A
  • protostomes: blastopore becomes the mouth
  • deuterostomes: blastopore becomes the anus
24
Q

compare coelomates, pseudocoelomates, and acoelomates

A
  • coelomates: true coelom, arises entirely within the mesoderm
  • pseudocoelomates: coelom derived partly from mesoderm and partly from endoderm
  • acoelomates: no coelom
25
Q

phylum porifera: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: sponges
  • symmetry: asymmetrical
  • cephalization: no
  • coelom: none (acoelomate)
  • protostome/deuterostome: N/A
  • habitat: aquatic (mostly saltwater)
  • features: adults are sessile, porous body, intracellular digestion, no gut
26
Q

phylum cnidaria: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: jellies, sea anemones, hydras
  • symmetry: radial (diploblastic)
  • cephalization: no
  • coelom: none (acoelomate)
  • protostome/deuterostome: N/A
  • habitat: aquatic (saltwater or freshwater)
  • features: 1 gut opening, intracellular and extracellular digestion, polyp and medusa form, cells for stinging prey
27
Q

phylum platyhelminthes: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: flatworms
  • symmetry: bilateral (triploblastic)
  • cephalization: yes
  • coelom: none (acoelomate)
  • protostome/deuterostome: N/A
  • habitat: aquatic (saltwater or freshwater), terrestrial, parasitic
  • features: 1 gut opening
28
Q

phylum nematoda: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: nematodes (hookworms, pinworms)
  • symmetry: bilateral (triploblastic)
  • cephalization: yes
  • coelom: pseudocoelomates
  • protostome/deuterostome: protostome (mouth first)
  • habitat: aquatic (saltwater or freshwater), terrestrial
  • features: 2 gut openings
29
Q

phylum molluska: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: mollusks, snails, clams, octopuses, giant squid
  • symmetry: bilateral (triploblastic)
  • cephalization: yes
  • coelom: coelomates (true coelom)
  • protostome/deuterostome: protostomes (mouth first)
  • habitat: aquatic (saltwater or freshwater), terrestrial
  • features: shell secreted by mantle, radula to scrape food, muscular foot for movement
30
Q

phylum annelida: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: earthworms, leeches, tube worms
  • symmetry: bilateral (triploblastic)
  • cephalization: yes
  • coelom: coelomates (true coelom)
  • protostome/deuterostome: protostomes (mouth first)
  • habitat: aquatic (saltwater or freshwater), terrestrial
  • features: segmented internally and externally, setae hair for movement
31
Q

phylum arthropoda: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: insects, spiders, crustaceans
  • symmetry: bilateral (triploblastic)
  • cephalization: yes
  • coelom: coelomates (true coelom)
  • protostome/deuterostome: protostomes (mouth first)
  • habitat: aquatic (saltwater or freshwater), terrestrial
  • features: many can fly, jointed appendages, segmented bodies, exoskeleton made form chitin, some go through metamorphosis
32
Q

phylum echinodermata: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
  • symmetry: bilateral as larvae and radial as adults (triploblastic)
  • cephalization: no
  • coelom: coelomates (true coelom)
  • protostome/deuterostome: deuterostomes (anus first)
  • habitat: aquatic (mostly saltwater)
  • features: ability to regenerate, some can reproduce asexually from a lost part
33
Q

phylum chordata: type of animals, symmetry, cephalization, coelom, protostome/deuterostome (when applicable), habitat, notable features

A
  • type of animals: vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and some invertebrates (lancelet)
  • symmetry: bilateral (triploblastic)
  • cephalization: yes
  • coelom: coelomates (true coelom)
  • protostome/deuterostome: deuterostomes (anus first)
  • habitat: very diverse
  • features: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, endostyle/thyroid gland
34
Q

define the requirements of phylum chordata

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • post-anal tail
  • endostyle/thyroid gland
35
Q

explain the concept of homeostasis

A
  • process of maintaining equilibrium around a set point
  • often are normal fluctuations but the body’s systems try to return to set point
36
Q

compare thermoregulation in ectotherms and endotherms

A
  • ectotherms: no internal regulation, have behaviors that keep them at a good body temperature
  • endotherms: internal regulation, can maintain higher level of activity, have behavioral and physical adaptations to keep them at a good body temperature
37
Q

describe the role of kidneys in maintaining osmoregulation or organs in the human body

A
  • nephrons in the kidneys filter wastes from the blood
  • filtered blood is returned to the circulatory system
  • ensures there is not an accumulation of toxic wastes and water in the blood
38
Q

explain the process of digestion and absorption

A
  • digestion: physical and chemical breakdown of food; mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine
  • absorption: uptake of nutrients from broken down food; small intestine to large intestine
39
Q

describe the specialized functions of organs involved in processing food

A
  • mouth: begins digestion, physical (mastication) and chemical (enzymes)
  • esophagus: moves bolus to stomach through peristalsis
  • stomach: physical and chemical digestion, pepsin breaks down proteins
  • liver: produces bile, processes absorbed vitamins and fatty acids
  • gallbladder: stores bile
  • pancreas: produces enzymes for digestion of proteins and carbohydrates, neutralizes pH of chyme form stomach
  • small intestine: digestion completed and absorption begins, where chyme mixes with pancreatic juices and bile, villi increase surface area for absorption, epithelial cells absorb nutrients
  • large intestine: absorbs water and processes waste
  • rectum: stores feces
40
Q

explain how organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients

A
  • mouth begins digestion and then moves to stomach and small intestine
  • small intestine finishes digestion and starts absorption
  • large intestine finished absorption and processes the waste
41
Q

describe the essential nutrients required for cellular function that cannot be synthesized by the animal body

A
  • vitamins: organic molecules, coenzymes
  • minerals: inorganic molecules, cofactors
  • essential fatty acids: make membrane phospholipids, omega-3 and omega-6
  • essential amino acids: 9 total essential
42
Q

explain how excess carbohydrates and energy are stored

A
  • excess glucose are converted to glycogen and is stored in the liver and muscles
  • when glycogen reserves are full, glucose is converted to fatty acids and is stored in adipose tissue (fat)
43
Q

explain the function of the circulatory system

A
  • circulates nutrients, O2, CO2, and waste through the blood
  • regulates blood pressure by heart beating
44
Q

explain the function of the respiratory system

A
  • obtains O2 and removes CO2
  • for cellular respiration
45
Q

describe the passage of air from the outside environment to the lungs

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • primary bronchus
  • secondary bronchus
  • tertiary bronchus
  • bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli ducts
  • alveoli sacs
  • alveoli
46
Q

describe the function of each side of the heart and each valve

A
  • right: pump blood to lungs
  • left: pump blood to body
  • tricuspid valve: prevents backflow from right ventricle to right atria during systole
  • bicuspid value: prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atria during systole
  • pulmonary valve: prevents backflow into right ventricle during diastole
  • aortic valve: prevents backflow into left ventricle during diastole
47
Q

describe the cardiac cycle

A
  • cardiac diastole: all chambers relax and blood moves into the heart
  • atrial systole and ventricular diastole: ventricles remain relaxed as atria contract to push blood into ventricles
  • atrial diastole and ventricular systole: ventricles contract and push blood out of the heart as atria relax
48
Q

explain how blood flows through the body

A
  • body
  • superior or inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary valve
  • pulmonary artery
  • lungs
  • pulmonary vein
  • left atrium
  • bicuspid valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic valve
  • aorta
  • body
49
Q

describe hormones

A
  • chemicals that regulate or control the activity of certain cells or organs
  • stimulate a response in cells that have receptors to bind to them
  • coordinates many different systems and organs
50
Q

explain the role of hormones in maintaining homeostasis

A
  • hormones are sent to different cells to communicate with them about what they need to do to maintain homeostasis
  • should the cells increase or decrease production of a molecule
51
Q

explain how hormones work

A
  • released by cells in one part of the body
  • circulate through the body by body fluids
  • bind to receptors on target cells
52
Q

describe the role of different glands in the endocrine system

A
  • pituitary gland: does a LOT
  • pineal gland: secretes melatonin and helps with circadian rhythm
  • thyroid gland: stimulates metabolism, reduces blood calcium levels
  • parathyroid gland: increases blood calcium levels
  • adrenal glands: stimulates fight or flight response
  • pancreas: contains exocrine and endocrine glands
  • thymus: contributes to immune system development
53
Q

explain how hormone production is regulated (example thyroid hormones)

A
  • concentration or hormones in blood maintained within a narrow range usually through negative feedback
  • ex: anterior pituitary signals thyroid to release hormones, increase in thyroid hormones gives feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid
54
Q

explain how glands work together to maintain homeostasis

A
  • hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to control hormones production

BIOL 107 (18 decks)

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