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BIOL 107 > Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

define cell

A

smallest unit of life

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2
Q

define microscope

A

instrument that magnifies object

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3
Q

define micrograph

A

image taken with a microscope

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4
Q

define light microscope

A

produces an image from light passing through the specimen

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5
Q

define dissecting microscope

A

used to give a magnified 3D view of tissue structures and anatomy

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6
Q

define electron microscope

A

uses beam of electrons instead of light to magnify images

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7
Q

can you see a cell with the naked eye

A

no; its too small

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8
Q

what must a specimen be to be seen with a light microscope

A

thin or translucent

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9
Q

what must you do to most biological specimens like bacterial cells before observing through a light microscope

A

stain them because they are translucent

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10
Q

how many lenses are used in light microscopes

A
  • two
  • objective
  • ocular
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11
Q

do light microscopes produced inverted or non inverted images

A

inverted

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12
Q

what is the magnification range of a light microscope

A

40 to 1000x

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13
Q

explain how to find total magnification

A

objective magnification x ocular magnification

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14
Q

how does the magnification of a dissecting microscope compare to that of a light microscope

A

dissecting microscope has lower magnification

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15
Q

what kind of specimens are observed with a dissecting micrscope

A

thicker objects

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16
Q

what is the magnification range of a dissecting microscope

A

20 to 80x

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17
Q

do dissecting microscopes produces inverted or non inverted images

A
  • non inverted
  • optics correct orientation
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18
Q

describe a scanning electron microscope

A
  • beam moves back and forth across cell surface
  • detailed image of cell surface
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19
Q

describe transmission electron microscope

A
  • beam transmitted through cell
  • details of cells internal structure
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20
Q

advantages of electron miscroscopy

A
  • higher magnification
  • high resolution
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21
Q

disadvantages of electron miscroscopy

A
  • kills sample
  • cannot be used to view living cells
  • expensive
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22
Q

cell theory states:

A
  • all living things are composed of one or more cells
  • cell is basic unit of life
  • all new cells come from pre-existing cells
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23
Q

who began the idea of cell theory and how

A
  • Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1600s
  • observed protists and sperm
  • discovered bacteria and protozoa
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24
Q

who coined the term cell and what was he looking at when he did

A
  • Robert Hooke in 1665
  • looking at cork
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25
Q

which two scientists proposed a unified cell theory

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in the late 1830s

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26
Q

define unicellular

A

made of one cell

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27
Q

define multicellular

A

made of many cells

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28
Q

define plasma membrane

A
  • outer covering of a cell
  • separates cell interior from environment
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29
Q

define cytoplasm

A
  • inside of cell
  • jelly-like cytosol and cellular structures
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30
Q

define ribosomes

A

organelle responsible for protein synthesis

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31
Q

how many human and bacterial cells is the human body made of

A
  • 30 trillion human cells
  • 39 trillion bacterial cells
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32
Q

what 4 things do all cells have

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
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33
Q

what are the 3 key differences in prokaryotic cells

A
  • unicellular
  • lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA in single large loop with circular chromosome
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34
Q

are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells bigger

A
  • eukaryotic
  • 10 to 100 times larger
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35
Q

which type of cell is more abundant on earth

A

prokaryotic

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36
Q

which type of cell is more diverse

A

eukaryotic

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37
Q

define phospholipid bilayer

A

two layers of phospholipids that are the main component of the plasma membrane

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38
Q

define cytosol

A

gel-like substance inside of the cell that makes up the cytoplasm

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39
Q

define nuclear envelope

A

surrounds the nucleus

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40
Q

define cytoskeleton

A
  • network of protein fibers within the cytoplasm
  • microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules
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41
Q

define microfilaments (actin filaments)

A
  • thinnest cytoskeletal fiber
  • moves cellular components during cell division
  • maintain structure
  • responsible for muscle cell contraction
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42
Q

define intermediate filaments

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • anchor organelles
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43
Q

define microtubules

A
  • thickest cytoskeletal fiber
  • hollow tubes that dissolve and reform quickly
  • pull chromosomes apart during cell division
  • structure of flagella and cilia
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44
Q

define flagella

A
  • long structures that extend from plasma membrane
  • used to move entire cell
  • on sperm or bacteria
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45
Q

define cilia

A
  • short projections along surface of the plasma membrane
  • move entire cell or substance along outer surface
  • moves ovum through fallopian tubes, moves matter through respiratory tract
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46
Q

define endomembrane system

A
  • group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells
  • things that work to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids
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47
Q

define nucleus

A
  • houses cells DNA as chromatin
  • directs protein synthesis and ribosome synthesis
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48
Q

define chromatin

A

DNA and proteins in the nucleus

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49
Q

define nucleolus

A

darkly stained area within the nucleus

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50
Q

define rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • synthesizes phospholipids
  • modified proteins
  • has ribosomes on the outside
  • packages products in vesicles and sends to golgi apparatus
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51
Q

define smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • continuous of RER
  • no ribosomes on outside
  • synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroids
  • detoxification of medications, alcohol metabolism, calcium storage
52
Q

define golgi apparatus

A
  • flattened sacs
  • sort, tag, package, and distribute lipids and proteins
53
Q

define lysosomes

A
  • garbage disposal
  • usually only in animal cells
  • bud off from golgi apparatus
  • filled with enzymes
  • breakdown proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn out organelles
  • digestion of food and recycling of organelles in single celled eukaryotes
54
Q

define vesicles

A
  • sac for storage and transport
  • smaller than vacuoles
  • fuse with other membranes within the cell
55
Q

define peroxisomes

A
  • small round organelles enclosed by single membranes
  • oxidation reactions to breakdown fatty acids and amino acids
56
Q

define cell wall

A
  • rigid covering outside the plasma membrane
  • protects the cell, provides structural support, gives cell shape
  • made of peptidoglycan and cellulose
57
Q

define chloroplast

A
  • function in photosynthesis
  • have their own DNA and ribosomes
  • inner and outer membranes
58
Q

define vacuole

A
  • sac for storage and transport
  • larger than vesicles
  • does not fuse with membranes of other cellular components
59
Q

what are the components of the plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • embedded proteins
  • carbohydrates (outside of cell)
  • cholesterol (animals cells only)
60
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates on the outside of the plasma membrane

A

cell communication

61
Q

what is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of animal cells

A

temperature buffer so cells don’t rupture

62
Q

what is the difference between a peripheral membrane protein and an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane

A
  • peripheral: only on one side of the membrane, usually enzymes or structural attachments
  • integral: goes through both sides of the membrane, often serve as channels or pumps
63
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A
  • separates internal contents of the cell from the environment
  • regulates passage of substances
64
Q

what is cytoplasm made of

A
  • organelles
  • cytosol
  • cytoskeleton
  • various chemicals
  • 70-80% water
65
Q

where do many metabolic reactions take place within a cell

A

cytoplasm

66
Q

functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  • structural support
  • secures organelles in place
  • allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell
  • enables movement of unicellular organisms
67
Q

what is included in the endomembrane system

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • vesicles
  • lysosomes
  • golgi apparatus
  • plasma membrane
68
Q

where are ribosomes located

A
  • freely in cytoplasm
  • attached to plasma membrane
  • attached to endoplasmic reticulum
69
Q

where does protein synthesis finish

A

endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

do vesicles or vacuoles fuse with membranes of other cell components

A

vesicles

71
Q

are peroxisomes part of the endomembrane system

A

no

72
Q

define mitochondria

A
  • energy center of the cell
  • oval shaped
  • double membrane bound
  • have their own ribosomes and DNA
  • make ATP
73
Q

what are some key differences between animal and plant cells

A
  • plant cells have large central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts
  • animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles
74
Q

describe a plant cells central vacuole

A
  • occupies most of the cell
  • regulates cell concentration of water
  • provides turgor pressure to keep plant rigid
75
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A
  • a delicate two layered structure of lipid and proteins
  • outer boundary of the cell membrane
76
Q

2 characteristics of the plasma membrane

A
  • flexible
  • selectively permeable
77
Q

5 functions of the plasma membrane

A
  • defines outer border of cells and some organelles
  • provides structure and support; tethers cytoskeleton
  • controls what enters and exits the cell
  • cellular communication
  • cellular interaction
78
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane

A
  • describes the membrane as a fluid structure with mosaic of various proteins
  • contains carbohydrates, phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol (animal cells only)
79
Q

what is the main fabric of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids

80
Q

phospholipids are amphipathic meaning they have

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

81
Q

are the two layers of phospholipids in the plasma membrane attached

A

no

82
Q

what are the two examples of phospholipid movement in the plasma membrane and which happens more often

A
  • lateral movement: side to side; very often
  • flip-flop: switching layers; once a month
83
Q

which portion of a phospholipid is polar and which is nonpolar

A
  • head: polar, hydrophilic
  • tail: nonpolar; hydrophobic
84
Q

what is the second major component of plasma membranes

A

proteins

85
Q

what are the functions of proteins in the plasma membrane

A
  • enzymes
  • anchor points for cytoskeleton
  • cell recognition sites
  • transporters
86
Q

what is the third major component of plasma membranes

A

carbohydrates

87
Q

where are carbohydrates located on the plasma membrane

A

always on the exterior

88
Q

what are the two types of carbohydrates on plasma membranes

A
  • glycoproteins: bound to proteins
  • glycolipids: bound to lipids
89
Q

what is the purpose of carbohydrates on the plasma membrane

A
  • allow cells to recognize each other
  • cellular communication
90
Q

which component of the cell membrane is only in animal cells

A

cholesterol

91
Q

what is the purpose of cholesterol in animal cell plasma membranes

A
  • flexibility
  • temperature buffer: increases fluidity at low temperatures and decreases fluidity at high temperatures
92
Q

define passive transport

A
  • substances easily pass through the plasma membrane
  • requires no energy
  • includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
93
Q

define diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • expends no energy
  • substances move from high concentration to low concentration
94
Q

what type of substances can diffuse through a plasma membrane and why

A
  • nonpolar or small uncharged molecules
  • because of the nonpolar center of the phospholipid bilayer
95
Q

does diffusion work better in colder or warmer temperatures

A

warmer

96
Q

what 4 things affect that rate of diffusion

A
  • temperature: high temp=diffuse faster
  • concentration gradient: higher gradient=diffuse faster
  • size of particles: smaller particles=diffuse faster
  • solvent density: less dense=diffuse faster
97
Q

what density/state of matter of solvent causes the slowest diffusion and which causes the fastest

A
  • solid: slowest
  • liquid: medium
  • gas: fastest
98
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • requires no energy
  • needed to diffuse ions and large polar molecules
  • moves substances down concentration gradient
  • uses channel proteins and carrier proteins
99
Q

define osmosis

A
  • passive transport
  • no energy required
  • movement of water across membrane
  • occurs when the solute can’t cross the membrane
  • water moves from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
100
Q

how are osmosis and diffusion different

A
  • osmosis is only with water
  • diffusion moves solute from high solute concentration to low concentration while osmosis moves water from low solute concentration to high concentration
101
Q

define water potential

A

the tendency of water to move from one place to another

102
Q

define tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

103
Q

what type of cell does tonicity have the greatest impact on

A
  • cells without cell walls
  • animal cells
104
Q

what are the three tonicity conditions

A
  • isotonic
  • hypotonic
  • hypertonic
105
Q

define an isotonic solution

A
  • concentration of solute is the same inside and outside the cell
  • no net movement of water; equal flow
106
Q

define hypotonic solution

A
  • concentration of solute is less outside than inside the cell
  • cell will take in water
  • causes hemolysis
107
Q

define hypertonic solution

A
  • concentration of solute in higher outside than inside the cell
  • cell will lose water
  • causes cell to shrivel up
108
Q

if you have a hypotonic solution, what is the cell

A
  • hypertonic cell
  • less solute outside the cell; more solute inside the cell
109
Q

if you have a hypertonic solution, what is the cell

A
  • hypotonic cell
  • more solute outside the cell; less solute inside the cell
110
Q

define turgor pressure

A

pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall

111
Q

what type of solution do plant cells like to be in to maintain turgor pressure

A
  • hypotonic
  • less solute outside; cell will take in water
112
Q

define active transport

A
  • when molecules need to move against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration) or against the electrochemical gradient
  • requires energy in the form of ATP or energy from the electrochemical gradient
113
Q

when is energy used in the form of ATP during active transport

A
  • primary active transport
  • bulk transport
114
Q

when is energy used from the electrochemical gradient during active transport

A

secondary active transport

115
Q

explain the sodium potassium pump

A
  • Na+ binds to carrier protein from inside the cell
  • phosphate group attaches to carrier protein inside the cell
  • Na+ leaves the cell
  • K+ attach to carrier protein from outside the cell
  • phosphate group attaches to carrier protein inside the cell
  • K+ enters the cell
116
Q

define bulk transport

A

when cells need to import or export molecules/particles that are too large to pass through a transport protein

117
Q

what are the two types of bulk active transport

A
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
118
Q

what type of bulk transport is used for importing/taking in molecules

A

endocytosis

119
Q

what type of bulk transport is used for exporting/releasing molecules into the extracellular environment

A

exocytosis

120
Q

what are the 3 types of endocytosis

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
121
Q

define phagocytosis

A
  • type of endocytosis
  • cell eating
122
Q

define pinocytosis

A
  • type of endocytosis
  • cell drinking
123
Q

define receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  • type of endocytosis
  • targeted
  • receptors bind to certain molecule and bring it in
124
Q

SS: animal cell biol 107

A

1: cilia
2: mitochondria
3: cytoplasm
4: ribosome
5: rough endoplasmic reticulum
6: nucleolus
7: nucleus
8: golgi apparatus
9: cell membrane
10: cytoskeleton
11: lysosome
12: smooth endoplasmic reticulum
13: secretory vesicle
14: peroxisome
15: centrioles
16: flagella

125
Q

SS: plant cell biol 107

A

1: golgi vesicles
2: ribosome
3: smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4: nucleus
5: nucleolus
6: rough endoplasmic reticulum
7: plasmodesmata
8: cytoskeleton
9: cell wall
10: peroxisome
11: golgi apparatus
12: central vacuole
13: chloroplast
14: cytoplasm
15: mitochondria
16: cell membrane

BIOL 107 (18 decks)

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