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BIOL 107 > Exam 1: Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 1: Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

define science, biology, and life

A
  • science: study of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world
  • biology: study of life
  • life: must have order, sensitivity to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution and adaptation
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2
Q

identify the two types of scientific reasoning

A
  • inductive: starting from an observation and then making a general conclusion
  • deductive: use general knowledge to create hypothesis and a specific conclusion
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3
Q

describe the flow of information used in inductive and deductive reasoning

A
  • inductive: specific to general
  • deductive: general to specific
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4
Q

interpret examples and determine type of reasoning used

A
  • noticing kids wearing crocs; gathering data on how many kids wear crocs; concluding that kids like wearing crocs (inductive)
  • knowing that kids like wearing crocs; hypothesize that 72% of kids wear crocs; collect data; find the actual number is 60%; reject hypothesis (deductive)
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5
Q

describe the steps used in the scientific method

A
  • make an observation
  • ask yourself a question
  • form a hypothesis that answers the question
  • make a prediction based on your hypothesis
  • run an experiment and collect data to test your hypothesis
  • analyze your results
  • support or reject your hypothesis based on the results
  • report results and experiment
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6
Q

define hypothesis and null hypothesis

A
  • hypothesis: suggested explanation for something that can be tested, falsified, and supported/rejected (not proven)
  • null hypothesis: stating that there is no difference or no relationship between variables being tested
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7
Q

apply understanding of variables to identify independent, dependent, and control variables

A
  • independent: what you are modifying during the experiment
  • dependent: effect of the independent variable; what you’re measuring in the experiment
  • control: what is not changing; things you don’t want to influence your results
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8
Q

compare/contrast a scientific hypothesis, theory, and law

A
  • hypothesis: explanation for something that you come up with; something you are going to test
  • theory: hypothesis that has been tested many times and is generally understood to be true; can be modified if new evidence is found
  • law: has hard evidence to support it; generally a math formula; describes how nature behaves
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9
Q

summarize the four major scientific theories presented

A
  • cell theory: cells are the smallest unit of life; all living things are made of cells; cells come from pre-existing cells; cells contain DNA to create new cells; life-sustaining reactions happen within cells
  • gene theory: genes are made of DNA and are responsible for inheritance
  • theory of heredity: genes are passed down causing offspring to resemble parents; mutations occur during reproduction
  • theory of evolution: all species come from other species; characteristics change over time
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10
Q

define matter, element, and atom

A
  • matter: any substance that take up space and has mass; made of elements
  • element: consists of certain atom, has specific chemical and physical properties, cannot be broken down into smaller substances by chemical reactions
  • atom: smallest unit of matter still having properties of an element
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11
Q

describe how the structure of atoms changes as you move through the periodic table

A
  • higher atomic number = more protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • each row is how many electron orbitals the atom has
  • each column is how many valence electrons the atom has
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12
Q

identify the most biologically important elements

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
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13
Q

identify the atomic number and atomic mass of an element

A
  • atomic number: number of protons
  • atomic mass: number of protons and neutrons
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14
Q

draw a diagram of an atom

A
  • nucleus with protons and neutrons
  • electron orbitals with electrons: first has 2, second has 8, third has 8
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15
Q

discuss the three main subatomic particles

A
  • protons: positive, in nucleus, 1 amu
  • neutrons: no charge, in nucleus, 1 amu
  • electrons: negative, outside of nucleus, almost no mass
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16
Q

define isotope and radioactive isotope

A
  • isotope: element with different amount of neutrons; most are stable
  • radioactive isotope: unstable; give off particles to be stable; C14
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17
Q

interpret the number of subatomic particles of an isotope

A
  • protons=atomic mass-neutrons
  • neutrons=atomic mass-protons
  • electrons=protons
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18
Q

calculate radioactive decay

A

N(t)=N(1/2)^t/t(1/2)

quantity remaining=initial quantity (1/2) ^ time/half life

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19
Q

describe the relationship between electrons and charge

A

atoms become charged when they gain or lose electrons to fill the outer shell and become stable

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20
Q

define the valence electrons, valence shell, and valency

A
  • valence electrons: number of electrons in the valence shell
  • valence shell: outer electron shell of an atom
  • valency: number of electrons an atom will gain/lose/share to become stable during a chemical reaction
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21
Q

summarize the relationship between electron configurations and the behavior of atoms

A
  • atoms with full outer shell are most stable
  • atoms in the same group (column) have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons
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22
Q

describe the octet rule

A

atoms are most stable when they fill their outer electron shell

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23
Q

define compound and molecule

A
  • compound: two or more different elements
  • molecule: two or more atoms (may or may not be the same element)
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24
Q

discuss the relationship between electronegativity and chemical bonds

A
  • atoms with similar electronegativity will form nonpolar covalent bonds and share the electrons equally
  • atoms with different electronegativity will form polar covalent bonds and the one with a higher electronegativity will pull the electron toward it more
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25
Q

compare and contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonds

A
  • both are strong covalent bonds
  • polar: different electronegativity, dissolves in water (hydrophilic)
  • nonpolar: similar electronegativity, doesn’t dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
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26
Q

compare and contrast covalent and ionic bonds

A
  • both are strong
  • covalent: sharing electrons
  • ionic: such different electronegativities that one atom takes the others electron
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27
Q

define ion, cation, and anion

A
  • ion: atom with positive or negative charge
  • cation: positively charged; less electrons than protons
  • anion: negatively charged; more electrons than protons
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28
Q

explain the importance of weak bonds/interactions for biology

A
  • reinforces shapes of large molecules; proteins and DNA
  • hydrogen bonds in water give it unique properties (temperature regulation, lattice structure causing less dense ice)
29
Q

explain how hydrogen bonds affect the structure and function of water

A
  • cause lattice structure in ice making it less dense than water
  • hydrogen bonds breaking and reforming when temperature increases allow it to absorb a lot of energy with less temperature change
  • hydrogen bonds form with ions to dissolve compounds in water
30
Q

summarize the properties of water in its liquid, gaseous, and solid state

A
  • liquid: hydrogen bonds constantly breaking and reforming
  • gaseous: hydrogen bonds completely broken; evaporation
  • solid: lattice structure; less dense than liquid form
31
Q

define hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A
  • hydrophobic: water fearing; nonpolar; oils and fats
  • hydrophilic: water loving; ionic and polar; dissolve in water
32
Q

define cohesion and adhesion

A
  • cohesion: attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonds; creates surface tension
  • adhesion: attraction of water molecules to non-water molecule; capillary action (water flows against gravity
33
Q

summarize the relationship between water and temperature

A
  • as temp increases, hydrogen bonds break and water molecules are released into the air
  • evaporation
34
Q

define solute, solvent, and solution

A
  • solute: substance that is dissolved
  • solvent: liquid that dissolved a solute
  • solution: mixture of solute and solvent
35
Q

explain the role of water as a solvent

A
  • waters polarity help it interact with ionic compounds
  • hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules and ions: sphere of hydration
36
Q

define pH

A

measurement of H+ ion concentration

37
Q

describe the pH scale (including range and units)

A
  • from 0 to 14
  • 7 = neutral
  • 0-7 = acidic
  • 7-14 = basic/alkaline
38
Q

summarize pH values of the human body

A
  • most are between 7.2 and 7.6
  • gastric secretions: 1-3.5
  • urine: 4.5-8
39
Q

calculate pH, pOH, and concentration of H+/OH-

A

pH=-log[H+]
pOH=-log[OH-]

40
Q

define acid and base

A
  • acid: substance that provides H+
  • base: substance that provides OH-
41
Q

summarize the effects of acids and bases on pH

A
  • acid: lowers pH
  • base: increases pH
42
Q

define buffer

A
  • absorbs excess H+ or OH-
  • stabilizes pH
43
Q

explain the biological relevance of buffers

A

needed so we can east acidic and basic foods

44
Q

explain the importance of carbon

A
  • fundamental component of biomolecules
  • forms 4 bonds; allowing for diversity of molecular forms
45
Q

identify the four types of biomolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
46
Q

understand the functions of the four types of biomolecules

A
  • carbohydrates: storage (starch and glycogen) and structure (cellulose and chitin)
  • proteins: structure, regulatory, transport, storage, enzymes, hormones
  • lipids: long term energy storage, insulation, building blocks of hormones, component of cell membranes
  • nucleic acids: genetic material (DNA) and protein synthesis (RNA)
47
Q

describe different types of microscopy

A
  • light: light passes through thin sample; two sets of lenses
  • dissecting: lower magnification; picture not inverted; 3D pictures
  • electron: higher magnification; scanning to see cell surface; transmission to see cell internal structure
48
Q

compare and contrast light and electron microscopy

A
  • light: uses light to see image; lower magnification
  • electron: uses beam of electrons; higher magnification
49
Q

summarize the cell theory

A
  • all living things are made of one or more cells
  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • all cells come from pre-existing cells
50
Q

compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • both: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
  • prokaryotic: unicellular, lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles, single stranded DNA with circular chromosome, large numbers, low diversity
  • eukaryotic: nucleus and membrane bound organelles, double stranded DNA with linear chromosome structure, low numbers, high diversity
51
Q

describe the relative sizes of different types of cells

A
  • prokaryotic: 1-10 micrometers
  • eukaryotic: 10-100 micrometers (10-100x the size of prokaryotic)
52
Q

describe the components of the plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • embedded proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • cholesterol (animal cells)
53
Q

explain the function of the plasma membrance

A
  • separates internal contents of the cell from the environment
  • regulates passage of substance
54
Q

identify and describe the structures of eukaryotic plant and animal cells

A
  • cytoplasm: made of organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton, various chemicals
  • cytoskeleton: protein fibers within cytoplasm that provide structural support
  • flagella: tail for movement
  • cilia: hair for movement
55
Q

summarize the functions of the major cell organelles

A
  • nucleus: stores DNA, directs protein synthesis
  • ribosomes: protein synthesis
  • endoplasmic reticulum: rough synthesizes phospholipids and modified proteins; smooth synthesizes carbs, lipids, and steroids
  • golgi apparatus: sorting, tagging, packaging, and distributing lipids and proteins
  • vesicles/vacuoles: storage and transport
  • lysosomes: breakdown proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn out organelles
  • peroxisomes: breakdown fatty acids and amino acids
  • mitochondria: make ATP
56
Q

describe the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

A
  • microfilaments (actin filaments): thinnest; move cell components, maintain structure, muscle cell contraction
  • intermediate filaments: cell shape, anchor organelles
  • microtubules: thickest; organelles movement during cell division, structure of flagella and cilia
57
Q

label a diagram of a plant and animal cell

A

check lab 3 for diagram

58
Q

sketch a cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • proteins: integral and peripheral
  • cholesterol
59
Q

explain the main components of membranes and describe their function

A
  • phospholipids: main fabric, move for fluidity
  • proteins: enzymes, anchor for cytoskeleton, cell recognition sites, transporters
  • carbohydrates: sites for cell recognition
  • cholesterol (animal cells): membrane flexibility, temperature buffer
60
Q

explain what selective permeability means

A

allows some substance to pass through but not others

61
Q

explain why and how passive transport occurs

A
  • for substances that can easily pass through the membrane
  • no energy required
  • diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
62
Q

describe which molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer

A
  • nonpolar and small uncharged molecules
  • lipid soluble, fat soluble vitamins
63
Q

understand osmosis and diffusion

A
  • diffusion: no energy, substance passes from high concentration to low concentration
  • osmosis: movement of water from low concentration to high concentration
64
Q

define tonicity and its relevance to passive transport

A
  • ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
  • important for osmosis
  • impact on cells without a cell wall (animal cells)
65
Q

describe what the electrochemical gradient is and its importance in a cell

A

combined concentration gradient ad electrical gradient that affects an ion

66
Q

compare/contrast passive and active transport

A
  • passive: no energy required, moving with gradient, nonpolar and small uncharged molecules
  • active: energy required, moving against gradient, large molecules with charges
67
Q

determine the conditions for active transport to take place

A

needs energy

68
Q

summarize and sketch how the sodium potassium pump is a form on active transport and how it functions

A
  • Na+ bind the carrier protein
  • ATP and phosphate attach for energy
  • Na+ leaves cell
  • same concept for K+ to enter cell

BIOL 107 (18 decks)

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