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BIOL 107 > Chapter 15: Diversity of Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Diversity of Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two characteristics of the kingdom animalia

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
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2
Q

what is the evolutionary history of the kingdom animalia

A
  • began with tiny creatures 600 million years ago that don’t resemble animals today
  • now a highly diverse kingdom
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3
Q

how many identified animal species are there

A
  • about 1 million
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4
Q

how many potential animal species are there

A
  • up to 6.8 million
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5
Q

what 4 things is the classification system of animals based on

A
  • anatomy
  • embryological development
  • genetic makeup
  • evolutionary history
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6
Q

what two things does the classification system of animals identify

A
  • shared ancestral traits
  • shared derived traits
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7
Q

define shared ancestral traits

A
  • traits common to all animals
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8
Q

define shared derived traits

A
  • traits that distinguish related groups of animals
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9
Q

define asexual reproduction

A
  • produces genetically identical offspring
  • includes budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis
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10
Q

define budding

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • part of parent separates and grows into new individual
  • new individual begins growing off parent and then separates to finish development
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11
Q

define fragmentation

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • part of parent separates and grows into new individual
  • part of parent separates and then begins growth and development
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12
Q

define parthenogenesis

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • unfertilized eggs develop into new offspring
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13
Q

define sexual reproduction

A
  • uses gametes: haploid reproductive cells
  • requires fertilization
  • done by almost all animals; distinguishes animals from fungi, protists, and bacteria
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14
Q

define fertilization

A
  • process by which male and female gametes combine
  • can be internal or external
  • forms zygote
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15
Q

define zygote

A
  • fertilized egg
  • created when sperm and egg meet and fertilization occurs
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16
Q

define cleavage

A
  • process where zygote undergoes multiple mitotic divisions to become multiple cells
  • very rapid process
  • no interphase/cell growth during division so the entire clump of cells will stay the same size as the singular zygote
  • creates blastula
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17
Q

define blastula

A
  • early embryonic stage of an animal
  • created after cleavage process
  • hollow sphere of multiple cells
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18
Q

define blastoderm

A
  • outer layer of cells that forms the hollow sphere of a blastula
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19
Q

define blastocoel

A
  • fluid filled cavity in the blastula
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20
Q

define gastrulation

A
  • dramatic rearrangement of cells in the blastula
  • creates embryonic tissue layers
  • when portion of blastoderm folds inwards to create the blastopore
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21
Q

define gastrula

A
  • created after gastrulation
  • when the embryo has a blastopore and layers of germ tissues
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22
Q

define blastocyst

A
  • mammalian blastula
  • has inner cell mass that will form the embryo
  • outer layer called the trophoblast will form the placenta
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23
Q

define trophoblast

A
  • outer layer of blastocyst (mammalian blastula)
  • forms placenta
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24
Q

define embryoblast

A
  • inner cell mass of blastocyst (mammalian blastula)
  • forms embryo
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25
Q

which animals do not reproduce sexually

A
  • bees, wasps, and ants
  • male develops from unfertilized egg and is haploid adult
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26
Q

define organogensis

A
  • organ and tissue development
  • due to cell division and differentiation
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27
Q

what are the 4 stages of early animal development

A
  • fertilization
  • cleavage
  • gastrulation
  • organogenesis
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28
Q

define complete metamorphosis

A
  • one or more larval stages
  • adults and young have different diets and habitat
  • ex: butterfly
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29
Q

define incomplete metamorphosis

A
  • young somewhat resemble adults
  • series of stages separated by molts until they reach adult form
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30
Q

define multicellular

A
  • having multiple cells
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31
Q

define eukaryote

A
  • cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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32
Q

define heterotroph

A
  • organisms that eat other organisms for energy
  • cannot synthesize its own food for energy
  • carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, parasites
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33
Q

define autotroph

A
  • organism that can produce its own food
  • uses light, water, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals
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34
Q

define assymetric

A
  • no pattern or symmetry
  • ex: sponges
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35
Q

define radial symmetry

A
  • multiple planes of symmetry crossing at an axis through the center of the organism
  • ex: sea anemone
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36
Q

define bilateral symmetry

A
  • one plane of symmetry creating two mirror image sides
  • ex: dragonfly, human
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37
Q

define germ layers

A
  • tissue layers developed during embryonic development
  • will develop into future body tissues
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38
Q

define diploblastic

A
  • develop two germ layers
  • ectoderm and endoderm
  • animals with radial symmetry
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39
Q

define triploblastic

A
  • develop three germ layers
  • ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
  • animals with bilateral symmetry
  • may develop internal body cavity derived from the mesoderm called a coelom
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40
Q

define protostomes

A
  • eucoelomates
  • blastopore (first opening) becomes the mouth
  • arthropods, mollusks, annelids
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41
Q

define dueterostomes

A
  • eucoelomates
  • blastopore (first opening) becomes the anus
  • chordates, echinoderms
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42
Q

define eucoelomate

A
  • has a true coelom
  • arises entirely within the mesoderm
  • further broken down into protostomes and deuterostomes
  • annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates
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43
Q

define pseudocoelomate

A
  • coelom derived partly from the mesoderm and partly from the endoderm
  • roundworms
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44
Q

define acoelomate

A
  • no coelom
  • flatworms
45
Q

what are 5 shared characteristics of animals

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • heterotrophs
  • have specialized cells (most also have specialized tissues)
  • most are mobile at some point in their life cycle
46
Q

what are the four ways animals are classified into a specific phylum

A
  • symmetry
  • number of tissue layers
  • presence/absence of body cavity
  • other features of embryonic development (placenta, external vs internal development)
47
Q

what is the only animal to be assymetric

A
  • sponges
48
Q

define ectoderm

A
  • outer layer of germ tissue
  • becomes exoskeleton
49
Q

define mesoderm

A
  • middle layer of germ tissue
  • becomes organs
50
Q

define endoderm

A
  • inner layer of germ tissue
  • becomes inner lining of organs
51
Q

define coelom

A
  • epithelial lined space filled with fluid
  • lies between the digestive system and the body wall
  • houses organs such as the kidneys and spleen
  • contains the circulatory system
52
Q

do sponges have specialized tissues

A
  • no
  • sponges only have specialized cells
53
Q

what animals are in the phylum porifera

A
  • sponges
54
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum porifera have and how many germ layers

A
  • asymmetrical
  • 1 germ layer
55
Q

does the phylum porifera display cephalization

A
  • no
56
Q

does the phylum porifera have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • acoelomates: no coelom
57
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum porifera

A
  • aquatic habitat
  • mostly salt water
58
Q

describe extra features of the phylum porifera

A
  • adults are generally sessile
  • have a porous body letting oxygen and food pass through pores
  • have special cells for intracellular digestion
  • have no gut, gut opening, organs, or tissues
59
Q

what animals are in the phylum cnidaria

A
  • jellies
  • sea anemones
  • hydras
60
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum cnidaria have and how many germ layers

A
  • radial symmetry
  • diploblastic: 2 germ layers
61
Q

does the phylum cnidaria display cephalization

A
  • no
62
Q

does the phylum cnidaria have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • acoelomates: no coelom
63
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum cnidaria

A
  • aquatic habitat
  • saltwater or freshwater
64
Q

describe extra features of the phylum cnidaria

A
  • 1 gut opening
  • intracellular and extracellular digestion
  • polyp and medusa forms
  • specialized cells with organelles used in stinging prey
65
Q

what animals are in the phylum platyhelminthes

A
  • flatworms
66
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum platyhelminthes have and how many germ layers

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic: 3 germ layers
67
Q

does the phylum platyhelminthes display cephalization

A
  • yes
68
Q

does the phylum platyhelminthes have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • acoelomates: no coelom
69
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum platyhelminthes

A
  • most aquatic (saltwater or freshwater)
  • some terrestrial
  • many are parasitic
70
Q

describe extra features of the phylum platyhelminthes

A
  • 1 gut opening
71
Q

what animals are in the phylum nematoda

A
  • nematodes: hookworms and pinworms
  • parasitic and small (some are micorscopic)
72
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum nematoda have and how many germ layers

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic: 3 germ layers
73
Q

does the phylum nematoda display cephalization

A
  • yes
74
Q

does the phylum nematoda have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • pseudocoelomates: partially developed coelom
  • protostomes: mouth first
75
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum nematoda

A
  • many aquatic (saltwater or freshwater)
  • some terrestrial
  • have huge ecological impacts: infest crops, parasitize humans and animals, beneficial to soil ecology
76
Q

describe extra features of the phylum nematoda

A
  • 2 gut openings (protostomes)
77
Q

what animals are in the phylum molluska

A
  • mollusks
  • snails
  • clams
  • octopuses
  • giant squid
78
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum molluska have and how many germ layers

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic: 3 germ layers
79
Q

does the phylum molluska display cephalization

A
  • yes
80
Q

does the phylum molluska have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • eucoelomates: true coelom
  • protostomes: mouth first
81
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum molluska

A
  • many aquatic (saltwater or freshwater)
  • some terrestrial
82
Q

describe extra features of the phylum molluska

A
  • shell secreted by structure called mantle
  • tongue-like radula used to scrape food
  • muscular foot for movement
83
Q

what animals are in the phylum annelida

A
  • earthworms
  • leeches
  • tube worms
84
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum annelida have and how many germ layers

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic: 3 germ layers
85
Q

does the phylum annelida display cephalization

A
  • yes
86
Q

does the phylum annelida have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • eucoelomates: true coelom
  • protostomes: mouth first
87
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum annelida

A
  • aquatic (saltwater or freshwater)
  • terrestrial
88
Q

describe extra features of the phylum annelida

A
  • segmented body parts (eternal and internal)
  • most have setae: hair-like structures that help them move, swim, and anchor themselves
89
Q

what animals are in the phylum arthropoda

A
  • insects
  • spiders
  • crustaceans
90
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum arthropoda have and how many germ layers

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic: 3 germ layers
91
Q

does the phylum arthropoda display cephalization

A
  • yes
92
Q

does the phylum arthropoda have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • eucoelomates: true coelom
  • protostomes: mouth first
93
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum arthropoda

A
  • aquatic (saltwater or freshwater)
  • terrestrial
94
Q

describe extra features of the phylum arthropoda

A
  • many can fly
  • jointed appendages
  • segmented bodies
  • tough exoskeleton made of chitin
  • some go through metamorphosis
95
Q

what animals are in the phylum echinodermata

A
  • sea stars
  • sea urchins
  • sea cucumbers
96
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum echinodermata have and how many germ layers

A
  • bilateral symmetry as larvae
  • radial symmetry as adults
  • triploblastic: 3 germ layers
97
Q

does the phylum echinodermata display cephalization

A
  • no
98
Q

does the phylum echinodermata have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • eucoelomates: true coelom
  • deuterostomes: anus first
99
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum echinodermata

A
  • mostly aquatic
  • mostly saltwater
100
Q

describe extra features of the phylum echinodermata

A
  • ability to regenerate portion of their structure
  • some can reproduce asexually from a lost part
101
Q

what animals are in the phylum chordata

A
  • vertebrate animals: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
  • few invertebrate animals: lancelet
102
Q

what type of symmetry does the phylum chordata have and how many germ layers

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic: 3 germ layers
103
Q

does the phylum chordata display cephalization

A
  • yes
104
Q

does the phylum chordata have a coelom and is it a protostome or deuterostome

A
  • eucoelomates: true coelom
  • deuterostomes: anus first
105
Q

what is the habitat of the phylum chordata

A
  • very diverse habitats
106
Q

describe extra features of the phylum chordata

A
  • have a notochord: flexible rod-like structure that runs along the back dorsal area
  • notochord often present during embryonic development but is replaced by vertebrae
107
Q

what percent of all animals are invertebrates

A
  • 97%
108
Q

what are the 5 requirements for chordates to have at some point during embryonic development

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • post-anal tail
  • endostyle/thyroid gland

BIOL 107 (18 decks)

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