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Bio 131 > Exam 4: How do Genes work? > Flashcards

Exam 4: How do Genes work? Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does UV light damage DNA?

A

It causes thymine dimers to form, which makes kinks in the DNA strand

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2
Q

What are the three ways cancer occurs?

A
  1. Random mutations
  2. Inherited mutations
  3. Viral infections
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3
Q

What is cancer in 3 words?

A

Accumulation of mutations

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4
Q

What is the sequence of events in RNA processing?

A

DNA –> pre-mRNA –> mRNA –> Protein

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5
Q

What process converts DNA to RNA?

A

Transcription

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6
Q

What process converts RNA to Protein?

A

Translation

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7
Q

Differences in _______ may cause differences in phenotype

A

Genotype

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8
Q

How many bases are in a codon?

A

A group of three bases

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9
Q

Genetic code is redundant - what does that mean?

A

All but two amino acids encoded by >1 codon

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10
Q

Genetic code is non-overlapping - what does that mean?

A

Nucleotides belong to only one codon

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11
Q

Genetic code is comma-free - what does that mean?

A

The codons are read consecutively

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12
Q

Genetic code is conservative - what does that mean?

A

Codons for the same amino acids are similar

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13
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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14
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

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15
Q

Genetic code is nearly universal - what does that mean?

A

Codons have the same meaning in all organisms

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16
Q

What is another name for the nontemplate strand?

A

The coding strand

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17
Q

What is another name for the template strand?

A

The non-coding strand

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18
Q

What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation?

A

Mutations

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19
Q

How are mutations good? Bad?

A

Good: source of genetic variation for evolution
Bad: can cause diseases

20
Q

Mutation in the hemoglobin-beta gene results in what disease?

A

Sickle cell disease

21
Q

In sickle cell disease, glutamic acid is replaced by which amino acid?

A

Valine

22
Q

What four things do the effects of mutation on phenotype depend on?

A

Cell type, when in the life cycle, dominance, type of mutation

23
Q

What are the three types of mutations?

A
  1. Point mutations
  2. Frameshift mutations
  3. Chromosome-level mutations
24
Q

Which mutation results from a single-base change?

A

Point mutation

25
Q

Which type of mutation is the largest and results from the addition/deletion of chromosomes?

A

Chromosome-level mutation

26
Q

What are the three types of point mutations?

A

Nonsense, Missense, and Silent

27
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Changes one amino acid

28
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Causes no change

29
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Changes to a stop codon

30
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

The addition or deletion of a single base

31
Q

What is the effect of a frameshift mutation?

A

Changes the whole amino acid sequence

32
Q

Most mutations are either ____ or slightly ____

A

neutral or slightly harmful

33
Q

Chromosome-level mutations involve changes in what?

A

Chromosome number

34
Q

What is euploid?

A

Normal number of chromosomes

35
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

3 or more sets of chromosomes

36
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Having extra or missing chromosomes

37
Q

What are inversions in chromosomes?

A

When a segment of a chromosome breaks off then re-attaches but in reverse order

38
Q

What is translocation in chromosomes?

A

When a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome

39
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The complete set of chromosomes in an organism

40
Q

What does ploidy mean?

A

Set of chromosomes

41
Q

What is euploid?

A

Normal number of chromosomes

42
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

43
Q

How many sets in diploid?

A

2 (2n)

44
Q

How many sets in haploid?

A

1 (n)

45
Q

What is one cause of aneuploidy?

A

Nondisjunction

46
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Chromosomes do not sort properly during cell division

47
Q

What are three examples of abnormalities in chromosomes that can still result in survival?

A

Trisomy 13, 18, 21

Bio 131 (25 decks)

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