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Bio 131 > Exam 1: Cell Compartments and Cellular Macromolecules > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cell Compartments and Cellular Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many membranes does the nuclear envelope have?

A

Two

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2
Q

What is the nuclear envelope continuous with?

A

The ER

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3
Q

What is the inside of the nuclear envelope linked to?

A

Fibrous proteins

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4
Q

What is the lattice-like sheet called in the nuclear envelope?

A

Nuclear lamina

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5
Q

What are the three roles of the nuclear lamina?

A
  1. Stiffen the membrane structure
  2. Maintain shape
  3. Provide attachment points for each chromosome
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6
Q

What functions as doors into and out of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores

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7
Q

What gives molecules entry into the nucleus? Is the process energy demanding?

A

Nuclear localization signal; yes

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8
Q

What are the 3 steps of protein production?

A
  1. Synthesis of mRNA from DNA occurs in the nucleus
  2. mRNA moves to cytoplasm via nuclear pores
  3. Protein synthesized by ribosome from mRNA code

i.e. Central dogma (DNA -> RNA -> Protein)

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9
Q

What are the 5 steps of the secretory pathway? (protein transport in endomembrane system)

A
  1. Ribosome deposits protein in ER
  2. Protein exits the ER (via ER membrane vesicle)
  3. Protein enters Golgi for processing
  4. Protein exits Golgi (via Golgi trans vesicle)
  5. Protein exits cell
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10
Q

Which face of the Golgi does the protein enter at? Exit?

A

Cis. Trans.

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11
Q

What is the role of the rough ER?

A

Protein production

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12
Q

What is the role of the smooth ER?

A

Lipid production and calcium storage

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13
Q

How are proteins shipped from the golgi?

A

They have a molecular tag that places it in a type of transport vesicle

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14
Q

What is the 5 step process for how products are shipped from the golgi?

A
  1. Proteins are tagged
  2. Proteins are sorted
  3. Vesicles bud
  4. Proteins interact with receptors
  5. Delivery
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15
Q

What are the two functions of the lysosome?

A

Digestion and waste processing

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16
Q

What are the three ways the lysosome breaks down materials?

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Autophagy
  3. Phagocytosis
17
Q

What are the 5 steps of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A
  1. Macromolecules bind to receptors
  2. Endocytic vesicle forms
  3. Endocytic vesicle fuses with early endosome; protons lower pH
  4. Early endosome matures; digestive enzymes received
  5. Mature lysosome; macromolecules digested
18
Q

How does autophagy work?

A

A damaged organelle is surrounded by a membrane, delivered to the lysosome, and recycled

19
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

A smaller cell or food particle is engulfed, forms a phagosome, delivered to the lysosome, and digested/recycled

20
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments (actin filaments)
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microtubules
21
Q

What makes up microfilaments?

A

Two intertwined chains of actin (double helix)

22
Q

Where are microfilaments usually found?

A

Just inside plasma membrane

23
Q

Actin interacts with what to cause movement?

A

Myosin

24
Q

How do actin and myosin interact? What direction does myosin pull towards?

A

The myosin head slides along the actin filament

Myosin pulls from negative to positive end of actin filament

25
Q

What are two functions of microfilaments caused by ATP powered interaction b/t actin and myosin?

A

Cytokinesis in animals, cytoplasmic streaming in plants

26
Q

What is the role of intermediate filaments?

A

Structural support

27
Q

What is an example of an intermediate filament?

A

Keratin

28
Q

What two things are microtubules made up of?

A

alpha-tubulin (- end) and beta-tubulin (+ end)

29
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

The microtubule organizing center

30
Q

What are 3 functions of microtubules?

A
  1. Stability
  2. Movement - Chromosome movement, intracellular movement, organelle movement
  3. Organelle structural framework
31
Q

Which of the three cytoskeleton components has + and - ends? What does this mean?

A

Microtubules and microfilaments; where the components grow from fastest

32
Q

Which two components of the cytoskeleton are involved in movement?

A

Microtubules and microfilaments

33
Q

What is kinesin?

A

A motor protein carrying transport vesicles that binds to microtubules, and walks towards the plus ends via hydrolysis of ATP

34
Q

What are two projections that move the cell?

A

Flagella and cilia

35
Q

Which motor protein helps move flagella and cilia?

A

Dynein

36
Q

What is an axoneme?

A

9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

9 microtubule doublets surrounding 2 central microtubules

37
Q

How does dynein create movement?

A

Creates arms between the doublets

38
Q

Is anabolism synthesis or decomposition?

A

Synthesis

39
Q

Is catabolism synthesis or decomposition?

A

Decomposition

Bio 131 (25 decks)

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