Exam 1: Introduction to the cell + water/carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two key characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. most are single-celled
  2. no nucleus
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2
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Archaeans that produce methane gas as a waste product of their metabolism

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3
Q

What are halophiles

A

Archaeans that live in high salt environments

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4
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

Archaeans that live in hot temperatures

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5
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse environments on earth

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6
Q

What three things are inside of the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm, nucleoid region, ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Where the DNA is located

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8
Q

What three things are outside of the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cell wall, glycocalyx, appendages

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9
Q

What are the three roles of the glycocalyx?

A
  1. trap water
  2. give protection
  3. help evade immune system
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10
Q

What are the two appendages of prokaryotic cells? What do they do?

A
  1. Pilli (attachment)
  2. Flagella (movement)
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11
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Membrane bound compartments that have unique structures and functions. Hallmark of eukaryotic cells.

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12
Q

What are the four main differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  1. eukaryotic chromosomes are found inside a nucleus
  2. eukaryotic cells are larger
  3. eukaryotic cells have internal membranes
  4. eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton
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13
Q

What are the 4 main elements of life?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
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14
Q

What are the 7 properties of water?

A
  1. Universal solvent
  2. Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface Tension
  3. Denser as liquid than solid
  4. High specific heat
  5. High heat of vaporization
  6. Chemical reactivity (hydrolysis and condensation)
  7. Lubrication
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15
Q

Why is water such an effective solvent?

A

-Polar O-H bonds => partially negative O and partially positive H

-Bent molecule => molecule has overall polarity

-Hydrogen bonding (allow for water to dissolve almost any ionic cmpd and polar molecule b/c of partial charges)

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16
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction b/t like molecules

Water is cohesive b/c of hydrogen bonds that form b/t individual molecules

17
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Attraction between unlike molecules - usually analyzed in regard to liquid and solid surface interactions

Water adheres to surfaces that have any polar or charged components

18
Q

What is surface tension?

A

The cohesive force caused by attraction between the molecules at the surface of a liquid

19
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Many molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements

20
Q

Why is carbon the most versatile atom on earth?

A

It has 4 valence electrons => forms 4 covalent bonds