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Bio 131 > Exam 4: Cell Division > Flashcards

Exam 4: Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

3 Roles of Cell Division

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth/development
  3. Tissue renewal/regeneration
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2
Q

What does a chromosome contain?

A

A single double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid wrapped around proteins

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3
Q

Where are chromatids joined at?

A

The centromere

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4
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Chromatids from the same chromosome

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5
Q

Is interphase dividing or non-dividing?

A

Non-dividing

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6
Q

Is M phase dividing or non-dividing?

A

Dividing

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7
Q

What does M phase stand for?

A

Mitotic phase

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8
Q

What are the two gap phases?

A

G1 and G2

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9
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

A

M phase, interphase (which consists of G1, S, and G2)

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10
Q

What are the three purposes of the gap phases?

A
  1. Cell grows enough
  2. Synthesize enough organelles
  3. Ensure the cell has normal size and function
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11
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

There are 4 unreplicated chromosomes

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12
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

Duplicated DNA is rearranged through cohesion to form sister chromatids

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13
Q

What attaches the sister chromatids in S phase?

A

Cohesins

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14
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

There are four replicated chromosomes

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15
Q

How many sister chromatids are there in G2 phase?

A

2 per replicated chromosome, so 8 total

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16
Q

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

A

PPMAT (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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17
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense and the spindle apparatus begins to form

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18
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules contact kinetochores

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19
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

The chromosomes complete migration to the middle of the cell

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20
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled apart

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21
Q

What are the separated sister chromatids called after they are pulled apart in anaphase?

A

Daughter chromosomes

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22
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The nuclear envelope re-forms, the chromosomes de-condense

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23
Q

When does cell division occur?

A

During cytokinesis

24
Q

What causes the plasma membrane in cytokinesis to pinch in?

A

Actin-myosin ring

25
Q

What are microtubules formed from?

A

tubulin proteins

26
Q

What are the the three types of microtubules?

A

Astral, polar, kinetochore

27
Q

What do astral microtubules do?

A

They position spindle in the cell

28
Q

What do polar microtubules do?

A

They separate two poles

29
Q

Where are kinetochore microtubules?

A

They are attached to kinetochores which are bound to centromeres

30
Q

What moves chromosomes during mitosis?

A

Kinetochore microtubules
- + ends depolymerize/fray, and the expansion forces the kinetochore ring ring and attached chromosome towards the minus end of the microtubule.

31
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in plants?

A

Microtubules direct vesicles toward the center of spindle where they fuse to divide the cell into two

32
Q

What are the four components of the G1 checkpoint?

A
  1. Cell size is adequate
  2. Nutrients are sufficient
  3. Social signals are present
  4. DNA is undamaged
33
Q

Where do cells that pass the G1 checkpoint go?

34
Q

Where do cells that fail the G1 checkpoint go?

35
Q

What are the three components of the G2 checkpoint?

A
  1. Chromosomes have replicated
  2. DNA is undamaged
  3. Activated mitosis-promoting factor is present
36
Q

What are the three components of the Mitosis checkpoint?

A
  1. chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus
  2. chromosomes have separated
  3. MPF is absent/deactivated
37
Q

What does MPF consist of?

A

Cyclin, Cdk, P

38
Q

How does MPF work?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase catalyzes phosphorylation of other proteins

39
Q

Which phase does MPF start?

40
Q

When is MPF component concentration highest?

A

Beginning of mitosis

41
Q

When is MPF component concentration lowest?

A

End of mitosis

42
Q

What type of control is G1 subject to?

A

Social control

43
Q

What is the first step of social control?

A

Growth factors arrive from other cells

44
Q

What is the second step of social control?

A

Growth factors cause increase in cyclin and E2F concentrations

45
Q

What is the third step of social control?

A

Cyclin binds to Cdk; Cdk is phosphorylated. Rb inactivates
E2F by binding to it.

46
Q

What is the fourth step of social control?

A

Inactivating phosphate is removed, and active Cdk
phosphorylates Rb.

47
Q

What is the fifth step of social control?

A

Phosphorylated Rb releases E2F

48
Q

What is the sixth step of social control?

A

E2F triggers production of S-phase proteins

49
Q

When are cells subject to mitogenic growth factors?

50
Q

What promotes cell division under normal conditions?

A

Proto-oncogenes

51
Q

What are two examples of an proto-oncogene?

52
Q

What inhibits cell cycle progression?

A

Tumor suppressors

53
Q

What are two examples of tumor suppressors?

54
Q

What senses DNA damage and other problems?

55
Q

If DNA is damaged, what are the three ways to go?

A
  1. Cell cycle transitions
  2. Apoptosis
  3. DNA repair

Bio 131 (25 decks)

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