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Bio 131 > Exam 4: Experiments > Flashcards

Exam 4: Experiments Flashcards

1
Q

What is another word for traits?

A

Phenotypes

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2
Q

What were the two types of streptococcus pneumoniae used in Griffith’s experiment?

A

Rough strain and smooth strain

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3
Q

What is the rough strain (Griffith’s experiment)?

A

The bacteria has no capsule

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4
Q

What is the smooth strain (Griffith’s experiment)?

A

The bacteria has a capsule

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5
Q

Did the living R cells kill the mouse?

A

No

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6
Q

Did the living S cells kill the mouse?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Did the heat-killed S cells kill the mouse?

A

No

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8
Q

Did the mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cells kill the mouse?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What was the conclusion from Griffith’s experiment?

A

There is some form of transferrable genetic material present within the cells

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10
Q

What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty try to do that Griffith wasn’t able to do?

A

Find out what the transferrable genetic material was

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11
Q

What did the first mixture in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty contain?

A

Heat-killed S cells

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12
Q

What two things were removed from the first mixture in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

Lipids and carbohydrates

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13
Q

Which three digestive enzymes were added to the initial mixture in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

DNase, RNase, Protease

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14
Q

What does DNase destroy?

A

DNA

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15
Q

What does RNase destroy?

A

RNA

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16
Q

What does protease destroy?

A

Proteins

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17
Q

After the digestive enzymes were added, what was added in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

Living R cells

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18
Q

Which mixture did not develop transformed S cells in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

The mixture with DNase

19
Q

Why did the mixture with DNase not develop transformed S cells in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

The DNase got rid of all DNA

20
Q

What was the conclusion of the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

DNA was the genetic component that transferred between cells

21
Q

Did the scientific community accept in the results of the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

No, they were reluctant

22
Q

Which experiment confirmed the results of the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

Hershey and Chase’s experiment

23
Q

What was the test subject in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

Bacteriophage

24
Q

Which two components of the bacteriophage were labeled in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

Protein and DNA

25
Q

What were the proteins labeled with in the Hershey-Chase experiment and why?

A

Radioactive sulfur, because DNA doesn’t have sulfur but proteins to

26
Q

What was the DNA labeled with in the Hershey-Chase experiment and why?

A

Radioactive phosphorous, because proteins don’t have phosphorous but DNA does

27
Q

Which bacteria was used in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

E. coli

28
Q

After the virus infected the bacterium, how were the virus and bacteria separated in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

Centrifugation

29
Q

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, the bacterial pellet was found to be radioactive when the bacteria was infected with…

A

Viruses labeled with radioactive phosphorous (DNA-labeled)

30
Q

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, the supernatant was found to be radioactive when the bacteria was infected with…

A

Viruses labeled with radioactive sulfur (Protein-labeled)

31
Q

The Hershey-Chase experiment confirms that ___ is the genetic material

A

DNA

32
Q

What method did Rosalind Franklin use to create images of DNA?

A

X-ray crystallography

33
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin’s images of DNA show?

A

DNA has a double helix structure

34
Q

Franklin and Wilkins discovered that bases are how far apart?

A

0.34 nanometers

35
Q

Franklin and Wilkins discovered that there are how many base pairs per turn, and therefore how long is one helix?

A

10 base pairs per turm, 3.4 nanometer helix

36
Q

What was the goal of Watson and Crick’s experiment?

A

To discover the chemical and structural arrangement of DNA

37
Q

What were 3 key previous experiments that Watson and Crick used?

A
  1. Chargaff’s rules
  2. Franklin’s C-ray crystallography
  3. Linus Pauling’s method of working out protein structures using ball-and-stick models
38
Q

Watson and Crick discovered what 6 components about DNA?

A
  1. Double-stranded (antiparallel)
  2. Helical
  3. Sugar-phosphate backbone
  4. Bases on inside
  5. Stabilized by hydrogen bonds
  6. Base pairs with specific pairing
39
Q

What was the goal of the Meselson-Stahl experiment?

A

Find which hypothesis of how old and new DNA strands interact is correct

40
Q

What bacteria was used in the Meselson-Stahl experiment?

A

E. coli

41
Q

In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, what was generation 0 grown in?

A

Heavy Nitrogen (15 N)

42
Q

In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, what was generation 1 grown in?

A

14 N

43
Q

In the four DNA samples of generation 2 of the Meselson-Stahl experiment, what was the ratio of 15 N to 15N-14N hybrid to 14 N?

A

0 to 2 to 2

44
Q

Which hypothesis did the results of the Meselson-Stahl experiment support?

A

Semiconservative DNA replication

Bio 131 (25 decks)

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