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Immunology - DVM year 1 > Exam 4: Dr. Thomason Transfusions and Blood Groups > Flashcards

Exam 4: Dr. Thomason Transfusions and Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

What are transfusions?

A

Process of receiving blood products into one’s circulation

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2
Q

What are the different types of blood products?

A

Fresh whole blood
Packed RBCs
Fresh frozen plasma
Platelet concentrations

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3
Q

What are indications for transfusions?

A

Anemia
Disorders of hemostasis/coagulation
Deficiencies of plasma components

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4
Q

What are the different anemias?

A

Hemorrhage
Hemolysis
Non-regenerative anemia

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5
Q

What are blood groups?

A

Inherited antigens on the RBC surface

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6
Q

What do RBC antigens do?

A

Contribute to self recognition

Elicit the production of antibodies when introduced to an animal whose RBCs lack that antigen

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7
Q

What are the canine blood types?

A

Dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1.1, 1.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8

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8
Q

Which DEAs are considered to be important in transfusion medicine?

A

1.1 and 1.2

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9
Q

Describe DEA 1.1

A

Extremely antigenic

The antigen routinely determined in patients and donors

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10
Q

What percentage of dogs are DEA 1.1 positive?

A

42%

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11
Q

What are red cell alloantibodies?

A

IgM, IgG, or IgE antibodies that cause hypersensitivity reactions to blood products

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12
Q

Do dogs have naturally occurring alloantibodies to DEA 1.1?

A

No

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13
Q

What will happen when a transfusion uses RBCs with similar DEA antigens?

A

Less likely to mount an immune response due to similar cells

May recognize another antigen

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14
Q

What will happen when a transfusion uses RBCs with different DEA antigens?

A

The highly antigenic DEA 1.1 antigen is not expressed

Less likely to mount an immune response

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15
Q

What will happen when a transfusion uses DEA 1.1 negative dogs transfuse with DEA 1.1 positive blood?

A

It will likely become sensitized and produce an anti-DEA 1.1 alloantibody

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16
Q

What are previously transfused patients with circulating alloantibodies are risk for?

A

Development of the transfusion reactions

17
Q

What can be used to assess blood compatibility?

A

RBC antigens and plasma antibody interaction

18
Q

What is the visible reaction of blood compatibility?

A

Agglutination

19
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The antibody mediated clumping of cells that express antigen on their surface

20
Q

What does major crossmatch determine?

A

The compatibility between the donor and recipient

21
Q

What does major crossmatch prevent?

A

Incompatible transfusions that could result in immune-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions

22
Q

What are donor RBCs incubated with in major crossmatch?

A

Recipient serum and observed for agglutination/hemolysis

23
Q

If there is agglutination/hemolysis in major crossmatch, what does it mean?

A

Incompatible

24
Q

What are the feline blood types?

A

Type A
Type B
Type AB

25
Q

What is the predominant blood type of felines?

A

Type A

26
Q

What breeds of cats have the highest frequency of type B blood?

A

Devon Rex

British Shorthair

27
Q

What do cats have in regards to alloantibodies?

A

Naturally occurring alloantibodies

28
Q

What do type A cats have?

A

Circulating B-antibodies

29
Q

What do type B cats have?

A

Circulating A-antibodies

30
Q

What happens when antibodies and antigens bind?

A

Agglutination

31
Q

When do acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (AHTRs) develop?

A

When transfused RBCs interact with preformed circulating antibodies in the recipient that are naturally occurring or acquired

32
Q

What can the interaction between transfused RBCs and circulating antibodies do?

A

Activate complement and cytokines which leads to a systemic inflammatory response

33
Q

What is the reaction severity of AHTRs related to?

A

The number of RBCs destroyed

34
Q

In dogs, what are AHTRs predominantly?

A

IgG

35
Q

In cats, what are AHTRs predominantly?

A

IgM

36
Q

What are clinical sign of AHTRs?

A 
Fever
Restlessness
Salivation
Incontinence
Shock
37
Q

Describe febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions

A

A temperature increase associated with a transfusion without any other explanation
Leukocyte-derived cytokine and/or circulating anti-leukocyte antibodies in the recipient

Immunology - DVM year 1 (35 decks)

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