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Immunology - DVM year 1 > Exam 1: Dr. Pruett Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Dr. Pruett Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In 1849, what were recommended treatments for tetanus? (9)

A 
Bleeding
Mercury to cause vigorous vomiting
Purgatives to cause clearance of colon
Tobacco enema until signs of nicotine poisoning
Tonics
Ardent spirits
Nutriment
Cannabis
Opium
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2
Q

What was medicine based on?

A

Logic or anecdotal evidence by authorities

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3
Q

What was the rationale for bleeding, purgatives, and emetics?

A

There was something bad in the body causing illness so “flushing” was needed

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4
Q

What is the gold standard for evidence based medicine?

A

Double blind clinical trial

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5
Q

What happens in a double blind clinical trial?

A

Neither the doctor nor the patient know if they received the experimental drug or other therapy or an inert placebo. At the end of the day, the results are decoded and analyzed

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6
Q

What is the null hypothesis in a double blind clinical trial?

A

The treatment has no effect

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7
Q

If statistical analysis reveals that there is less than a 5% chance that the difference between groups could be explained by natural variations, what happens?

A

The null hypothesis can be rejected and the drug can be regarded as having some effect

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8
Q

What is an example of a drug that has never been tested? How have they studied its efficacy?

A

Aspirin

It is compared to other drugs

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9
Q

What animals is the innate system present in?

A

All

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10
Q

How often is the innate system ready?

A

At all times

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11
Q

What kind of response does the innate system have?

A

Rapidly deployed, early-phase response

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12
Q

What does the innate system involve?

A

Germline encoded receptors that can recognize the presence of microbes or damage

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13
Q

How were receptors selected in the innate immune system?

A

Over evolution

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14
Q

What does the innate system recognize?

A

Broad groups of related microbes or other threats

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15
Q

Is the innate system triggered by self antigens alone?

A

Rarely

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16
Q

What is the innate immune response regulated by?

A

A variety of cells and molecules that are effective against a wide range of microbes

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17
Q

Is the efficiency of the innate system improved with repeated exposure?

A

No

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18
Q

What animals is the adaptive system present in?

A

Only vertebrates

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19
Q

What does the adaptive system require?

A

Selection of lymphocytes

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20
Q

What kind of response does the adaptive system have?

A

Delayed late-phase response

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21
Q

What does the adaptive system involve?

A

Gene rearrangement of receptors that are highly specific

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22
Q

When are receptors selected in the adaptive system?

A

In individual animals during maturation

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23
Q

What does the adaptive system recognize?

A

Specific single molecules

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24
Q

Does the adaptive system react to self antigens?

A

It may

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25
Q

What is the adaptive system response mediated by?

A

Antigen-specific lymphocytes that are effective against a particular antigen

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26
Q

How is efficiency improved in the adaptive system?

A

With repeated exposure to a given antigen (memory)

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27
Q

What are examples of extracellular innate effectors?

A

Complement activation
Phagocytosis by phagocytes
Extracellular killing

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28
Q

What is an example of intracellular innate effectors?

A

NK cell cytotoxicity

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29
Q

What are examples of extracellular adaptive effectors?

A

B cells
Helper T cells
Antibodies (humoral)

30
Q

What are examples of intracellular adaptive effectors?

A

Cytotoxic T cells
Macrophage
Helper T cells

31
Q

What is the secondary immune response like?

A

It is faster and longer

32
Q

What happens when an antibody binds to bacterial toxins?

A

It goes through neutralization and then ingestion by a macrophage

33
Q

What happens when an antibody binds to bacteria in extracellular space?

A

It goes through opsonization and then ingestion and lysis

34
Q

What happens when an antibody binds to bacteria in plasma?

A

It goes through complement activation and then either opsoniziation to ingestion and lysis or straight into ingestion and lysis

35
Q

What do interleukins do?

A

Deliver messages between leukocytes

36
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

37
Q

What does the bone marrow do?

A

Produces the precursors of all cells of the innate and acquired immune systems in mammals as well as RBCs and platelets

38
Q

What happens in the thymus?

A

Pre-T cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus and mature in the thymus to functions T-lymphocytes

39
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs locations of?

A

Microbial clearance and acquired immune response initiation

40
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Gut associated lymphoid tissue
Bronchial associated lymphoid tissues

41
Q

What is the spleen an alternative site for?

A

Hematopoiesis

42
Q

What happens with 90% of T cells?

A

The recognize self too strongly in thymic education and are killed

43
Q

Why are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs in birds and fish different?

A

They do not have bone marrow hematopoietic function

44
Q

Do lymphocytes enter through afferent lymphatic vessels?

A

No

45
Q

Where do lymphocytes enter?

A

After arterioles become venules, lymphocytes enter through them and then use receptor-mediated active transport

46
Q

Where can lymphocytes exit through?

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

47
Q

What does a germinal center indicate?

A

Active immune response in that location

48
Q

What is the immediate source of lymphocytes?

A

Blood

49
Q

What does the heart indirectly drive?

A

Efferent circulation

50
Q

What are T cells needed to do?

A

Activate the acquire immune response of B cells

51
Q

What does a ruptured spleen lead to?

A

Blood loss

52
Q

How does antigen enter the spleen?

A

Via blood, not lymphatics

53
Q

What does the spleen consist of?

A

Red pulp and white pulp

54
Q

What does red pulp consist of?

A

RBCs and stem cells

55
Q

What is the center of white pulp?

A

A central arteriole

56
Q

What happens to someone without a spleen?

A

They are prone to infection

57
Q

What is the primary function of the spleen?

A

Provide an immune response/blood filter

58
Q

What is the main regulator of the immune system?

A

Clearance of the stimulus

59
Q

The adaptive system can’t always kill microbes alone. What does the system do in the case that it cannot?

A

It activate the innate system to a higher degree to help remove the microbe

60
Q

Know and understand chart on page 15

A

Know and understand chart on page 15

61
Q

What percentage of microbes in the GI tract are unknown?

A

60%

62
Q

What is the innate barrier in the reproductive tract?

A

Low pH

63
Q

What are the innate barriers in the intestinal tract?

A 
Rapid change in pH
Lysozyme 
Defensins
Hydrolases
Bile acids
Peristalsis
Mucus
64
Q

What are the innate barriers in the skin?

A

Keratinized barrier
Desquamation
Fatty acids
Dessication

65
Q

What is the innate barrier in the urinary tract?

A

Unidirectional flushing

66
Q

What are the innate barriers in the mammary gland?

A 
Keratin plug
Flushing
Complement
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase
67
Q

What are the innate barriers in the cornea and conjunctiva?

A

Physical flushing

Lysozyme in lacrimal secretions

68
Q

What are the innate barriers in the trachea/bronchi?

A

Mucus
Cilia-mediated clearance
Cough

69
Q

What is the innate barrier in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Trapping and removal of particulates in mucus

70
Q

How and why does the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract lining move?

A

Moves in a rhythmic motion by nerve cells to keep mucus moving up

Immunology - DVM year 1 (35 decks)

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