Exam 3: Dr. Pinchuk Immunological Memory

Question 1

Describe innate immunity

Answer 1

Rapid
Can fully control infections
Initiate adaptive responses
Occur so rapidly that clinical signs of infection may not appear before the pathogen is gone
Deficiencies in the mechanisms are rarer

Question 2

Describe adaptive immunity

Answer 2

Specificity
Memory
Affinity maturation
Make possible vaccination

Question 3

What does affinity maturation occur with?

Answer 3

B cells

Question 4

Look at acute infection diagram

Answer 4

Look at acute infection diagram

Question 5

Which needs T cells, intracellular or extracellular pathogens?

Answer 5

Intracellular pathogens

Question 6

What are the possible sites of infection with extracellular pathogens?

Answer 6

Interstitial spaces, blood, lymph

Epithelial surfaces

Question 7

What is the protective immunity for extracellular pathogens in interstitial space, blood, and lymph?

Answer 7

Antibodies
Complement
Phagocytosis
Neutralization

Question 8

What is the protective immunity for extracellular pathogens in epithelial surfaces?

Answer 8

Antibodies (especially IgA)

Antimicrobial peptides

Question 9

What are the possible sites of infection for intracellular pathogens?

Answer 9

Cytoplasmic

Vesicular

Question 10

What is the protective immunity for intracellular pathogens in cytoplasm?

Answer 10

Cytotoxic T cells

NK cells

Question 11

What is the protective immunity for intracellular pathogens in vesicular sites?

Answer 11

T cell and NK cell dependent macrophage activation

Question 12

What are direct methods of tissue damage by pathogens?

Answer 12

Exotoxin production
Endotoxin production
Direct cytopathic effect
Multicellular organisms

Question 13

Why are T cells needed for intracellular pathogens?

Answer 13

The use peptide and MHC

Question 14

What is a successful primary immune response?

Answer 14

Clears the infection
Temporarily strengthens defenses to prevent re-infection
Establishes a state of long-term immunological memory to ensure that subsequent infection with the same pathogen will provoke a faster, stronger, secondary immune response

Question 15

What happens after successful termination of infection by the primary immune response?

Answer 15

Elevated levels of high-affinity pathogen-specific antibody will be present in the blood and lymph or at mucosal surfaces

Question 16

When are effector and memory B and T cells produced?

Answer 16

During a primary immune response

Question 17

What happens when a naive T cell encounters antigen?

Answer 17

Most activated T cells become effector cells
or
Some activated and/or effector cells become long lived memory cells

Question 18

What are the cell to cell interaction like in a secondary immune response?

Answer 18

Effector memory T cells can be activated directly at the site of infection by DC and macrophages
The activation requirements are less demanding since they do not require co-stimulation

Question 19

Which has a higher frequency of specific B cells, unimmunized donor primary response or immunized donor secondary response?

Answer 19

Immunized donor secondary response

Question 20

What is the isotype produce in an unimmunized donor primary response?

Answer 20

More IgM than IgG

Question 21

What is the isotype produce in an immunized donor secondary response?

Answer 21

IgG and IgA

Question 22

What is the affinity of antibody in an unimmunized donor primary response?

Answer 22

Low

Question 23

What is the affinity of antibody in an immunized donor secondary response?

Answer 23

High

Question 24

What is the somatic hypermutation of an unimmunized donor primary response?

Answer 24

Low

Question 25

What is the somatic hypermutation of an immunized donor secondary response?

Answer 25

High

Question 26

When does the amount of antibody increase?

Answer 26

After successive immunization with the same antigen

Question 27

What does the comparison between those vaccinated for small pox and those that are not reveal?

Answer 27

Persistence of immunological memory in the absence of antigen

Question 28

What does IgG antibody suppress?

Answer 28

The activation of naive B cells by cross-linking the BCR and FcgR on B cells

Question 29

What can highly mutable viruses do?

Answer 29

Gradually escape from immunological memory without stimulating a compensatory immune response

Question 30

What is original antigenic sin?

Answer 30

A phenomenon when the first influenza strain to infect the animals constrains the immune response to other strains

Question 31

What do T cells differentiate into?

Answer 31

Central memory and effector memory subsets distinguished by differential expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7

Question 32

What are survival signals for memory B cells and T cells provided by?

Answer 32

Cytokines IL-7 and IL-15