Exam 4: Dr. King Large Animal Vaccines

Question 1

What are herd health components?

Answer 1

Biosecurity
Management
Vaccination program

Question 2

What is biosecurity?

Answer 2

Measures that you take on your farm to limit exposure to disease

Question 3

What are methods of biosecurity?

Answer 3

Quarantine
Testing and culling
Introduction of new genetics from known/safe sources

Question 4

What are factors that influence a vaccination program?

Answer 4

Economics
Location (exposure)
Management

Question 5

What are the crucial aspects of vaccine use?

Answer 5

Correct administration
Quality assurance
Following the instructions
Timing is more important than the product

Question 6

Describe cattle vaccines

Answer 6

Follow BQA guidelines
Split the vaccine on each side of the animal
Use SubQ routes over IM
Use lower dose vaccine products
Watch what products you give on the same side of the neck
MLV products go low

Question 7

Describe killed vaccines

Answer 7

Relatively stable
Require adjuvant
Stimulate humoral response
Booster response
Good protection for extracellular pathogens

Question 8

What does stimulation of the humoral response by killed vaccines do?

Answer 8

Antibody production

7-10 days for first response

Question 9

What does the booster response with killed vaccines do?

Answer 9

Faster and longer lasting

3-6 weeks follow label

Question 10

Describe modified live vaccines

Answer 10

Require careful handling
Rapid long lasting protection
Stimulate cell mediated immunity (T lymphocytes)
Better for intracellular pathogens
Booster not necessarily required

Question 11

What is the response time of MLVs?

Answer 11

3-5 days

Question 12

How should vaccines be handled?

Answer 12

Keep refrigerated
Change needles frequently (10-15 head)
Change needles before refilling syringe

Question 13

Why do MLVs need special handling?

Answer 13

They are sensitive to UV light, temperature, and disinfectants
Viable 60 minutes when mixed

Question 14

What are vaccine failures?

Answer 14

Perception of failure
Problem with vaccines
How given/administered
Host did not respond properly

Question 15

What is the perception of failure?

Answer 15

Disease was incubating, misdiagnosis, no time for an protective immune response to occur

Question 16

What could be a problem with the vaccine?

Answer 16

Improper handeling

Question 17

Why would a host not response properly to a vaccine?

Answer 17

Maternal antibody blockage
Immune suppression (age, stress, parasitism)

Question 18

What are the vaccine levels?

Answer 18

Prevention of infection (most effective)
Prevention of disease
Aid in disease prevention (most common)
Aid in disease control

Question 19

What is the prevention of infection label?

Answer 19

Products able to prevent all colonization or replication of the challenge organism in vaccinated and challenged animals

Question 20

What is the prevention of disease label?

Answer 20

Products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals

Question 21

What is the aid in disease prevention label?

Answer 21

Prevent disease in vaccinated and challenged animals by a clinically significant amount which ma be less than that required to support a claim of disease prevention

Question 22

What is the aid in disease control label?

Answer 22

Products that have been shown to alleviate disease severity, reduce disease duration, or delay disease onset

Question 23

What are vaccine trials used in?

Answer 23

Only healthy animals

Question 24

Describe vaccination programs/protocols

Answer 24

Different for different farms
Management schemes
Different for stage of production
Duration of immunity
Economics

Question 25

Describe the 7 or 8 way clostridial cattle vaccine

Answer 25

``` Killed vaccine Cows and calves Clostridial myonecrosis Blackleg and malignant edema Requires booster ```

Question 26

Describe the 5 way viral respiratory cattle vaccine

Answer 26

Killed and MLV products available Respiratory disease and pregnancy wastage Careful in naive animals Can cause disease

Question 27

Why must you be careful with naive animals when giving a 5 way modified vaccines?

Answer 27

Follicular necrosis and inflammation or ovary | Reduced fertility

Question 28

Describe 5 way leptospirosis cattle vaccine

Answer 28

``` Campylobacter Infertility and pregnancy wastage Killed products Duration of immunity short lived Separate or combinations ```

Question 29

What makes up the beef industry?

Answer 29

Cow-calf producer Stocker Feedlot

Question 30

Describe cow-calf producer

Answer 30

``` Herd of brood cows Goals is 1 calf per cow every 12 months Gestation 283 days Wean calves at 6-8 months Calves are sold to stocker operation Reproduction is key to the cow-calf producer's income ```

Question 31

In cow-calf operations, what should be done prebreeding?

Answer 31

Cows should be given 5 way MLV respiratory and leapt with campylobacter Calves should be castrated and tagged

Question 32

In cow-calf operations, what should be done preweaning (4-6 weaks before weaning)?

Answer 32

Initial calf vaccines of 5 way MLV respiratory vaccine and clostridial vaccine

Question 33

In cow-calf operations, what should be done at weaning?

Answer 33

Cows should be give 5 way MLV or killed, clostridial vaccine, and leapt Calves should get booster vaccines

Question 34

Describe herds without a calving season (problems and when to vaccinate)

Answer 34

Hard to intervene Cattle at different stages of production Open and pregnant cattle Vaccine twice yearly with killed products

Question 35

Describe backgrounder/stocker operation

Answer 35

Buys calves 300-700 lbs. from auction or producer Develops forage or grain Sells groups of calves to feedlots

Question 36

What are problems with backgrounder/stocker operations?

Answer 36

``` Calves under stress Commingling at the market Unknown vaccine status/health program Recently weaned High disease morbidity (shipping fever) Typically vaccinated on arrival ```

Question 37

What are calves vaccinated with when they arrive at stocker operations?

Answer 37

5 way MLV respiratory Clostridial vaccines Booster in 4-6 weeks

Question 38

What are the core equine vaccines?

Answer 38

Eastern/western equine encephalitis West Nile virus Tetanus Rabies

Question 39

What do you avoid when giving a horse an injection?

Answer 39

Tuber ischii Ligamentum nuchae Cervical vertebrae

Question 40

How often should horses be immunized for tetanus?

Answer 40

Annually

Question 41

What does encephalomyelitis include?

Answer 41

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Western equine encephalomyelitis virus West Nile Virus

Question 42

What is encephalomyelitis?

Answer 42

Uniform inflammation of the spinal cord and brain

Question 43

What can encephalomyelitis lead to?

Answer 43

Ataxia Depression Tremors Seizures

Question 44

Describe the eastern and western encephalomyelitis vaccines

Answer 44

Only killed vaccines are currently available | Must vaccinate at least twice a year, the close to the coast you live you need to vaccinate 3 times a year

Question 45

Describe the west nile virus vaccine

Answer 45

Vaccinate 1-2 times yearly recombinant vaccine (Recombitek by Merial) Vaccinate 2-3 times yearly with killed products based on vector exposure

Question 46

When should vaccines be timed in horses?

Answer 46

In accordance with peak mosquito activity in early spring and early fall

Question 47

What is rabies?

Answer 47

An uncommon neurological disease that is 100% fatal Transmissible from horses to humans Killed products require no booster