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Immunology - DVM year 1 > Exam 4: Dr. King Large Animal Vaccines > Flashcards

Exam 4: Dr. King Large Animal Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are herd health components?

A

Biosecurity
Management
Vaccination program

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2
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

Measures that you take on your farm to limit exposure to disease

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3
Q

What are methods of biosecurity?

A

Quarantine
Testing and culling
Introduction of new genetics from known/safe sources

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4
Q

What are factors that influence a vaccination program?

A

Economics
Location (exposure)
Management

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5
Q

What are the crucial aspects of vaccine use?

A

Correct administration
Quality assurance
Following the instructions
Timing is more important than the product

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6
Q

Describe cattle vaccines

A

Follow BQA guidelines
Split the vaccine on each side of the animal
Use SubQ routes over IM
Use lower dose vaccine products
Watch what products you give on the same side of the neck
MLV products go low

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7
Q

Describe killed vaccines

A 
Relatively stable
Require adjuvant
Stimulate humoral response
Booster response
Good protection for extracellular pathogens
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8
Q

What does stimulation of the humoral response by killed vaccines do?

A

Antibody production

7-10 days for first response

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9
Q

What does the booster response with killed vaccines do?

A

Faster and longer lasting

3-6 weeks follow label

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10
Q

Describe modified live vaccines

A 
Require careful handling
Rapid long lasting protection
Stimulate cell mediated immunity (T lymphocytes)
Better for intracellular pathogens
Booster not necessarily required
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11
Q

What is the response time of MLVs?

A

3-5 days

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12
Q

How should vaccines be handled?

A

Keep refrigerated
Change needles frequently (10-15 head)
Change needles before refilling syringe

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13
Q

Why do MLVs need special handling?

A

They are sensitive to UV light, temperature, and disinfectants
Viable 60 minutes when mixed

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14
Q

What are vaccine failures?

A

Perception of failure
Problem with vaccines
How given/administered
Host did not respond properly

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15
Q

What is the perception of failure?

A

Disease was incubating, misdiagnosis, no time for an protective immune response to occur

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16
Q

What could be a problem with the vaccine?

A

Improper handeling

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17
Q

Why would a host not response properly to a vaccine?

A 
Maternal antibody blockage
Immune suppression (age, stress, parasitism)
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18
Q

What are the vaccine levels?

A

Prevention of infection (most effective)
Prevention of disease
Aid in disease prevention (most common)
Aid in disease control

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19
Q

What is the prevention of infection label?

A

Products able to prevent all colonization or replication of the challenge organism in vaccinated and challenged animals

20
Q

What is the prevention of disease label?

A

Products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals

21
Q

What is the aid in disease prevention label?

A

Prevent disease in vaccinated and challenged animals by a clinically significant amount which ma be less than that required to support a claim of disease prevention

22
Q

What is the aid in disease control label?

A

Products that have been shown to alleviate disease severity, reduce disease duration, or delay disease onset

23
Q

What are vaccine trials used in?

A

Only healthy animals

24
Q

Describe vaccination programs/protocols

A 
Different for different farms
Management schemes
Different for stage of production
Duration of immunity
Economics
25
Q

Describe the 7 or 8 way clostridial cattle vaccine

A 
Killed vaccine
Cows and calves
Clostridial myonecrosis
Blackleg and malignant edema
Requires booster
26
Q

Describe the 5 way viral respiratory cattle vaccine

A

Killed and MLV products available
Respiratory disease and pregnancy wastage
Careful in naive animals
Can cause disease

27
Q

Why must you be careful with naive animals when giving a 5 way modified vaccines?

A

Follicular necrosis and inflammation or ovary

Reduced fertility

28
Q

Describe 5 way leptospirosis cattle vaccine

A 
Campylobacter
Infertility and pregnancy wastage
Killed products
Duration of immunity short lived
Separate or combinations
29
Q

What makes up the beef industry?

A

Cow-calf producer
Stocker
Feedlot

30
Q

Describe cow-calf producer

A 
Herd of brood cows
Goals is 1 calf per cow every 12 months
Gestation 283 days
Wean calves at 6-8 months
Calves are sold to stocker operation
Reproduction is key to the cow-calf producer's income
31
Q

In cow-calf operations, what should be done prebreeding?

A

Cows should be given 5 way MLV respiratory and leapt with campylobacter
Calves should be castrated and tagged

32
Q

In cow-calf operations, what should be done preweaning (4-6 weaks before weaning)?

A

Initial calf vaccines of 5 way MLV respiratory vaccine and clostridial vaccine

33
Q

In cow-calf operations, what should be done at weaning?

A

Cows should be give 5 way MLV or killed, clostridial vaccine, and leapt
Calves should get booster vaccines

34
Q

Describe herds without a calving season (problems and when to vaccinate)

A

Hard to intervene
Cattle at different stages of production
Open and pregnant cattle
Vaccine twice yearly with killed products

35
Q

Describe backgrounder/stocker operation

A

Buys calves 300-700 lbs. from auction or producer
Develops forage or grain
Sells groups of calves to feedlots

36
Q

What are problems with backgrounder/stocker operations?

A 
Calves under stress
Commingling at the market
Unknown vaccine status/health program
Recently weaned
High disease morbidity (shipping fever)
Typically vaccinated on arrival
37
Q

What are calves vaccinated with when they arrive at stocker operations?

A

5 way MLV respiratory
Clostridial vaccines
Booster in 4-6 weeks

38
Q

What are the core equine vaccines?

A

Eastern/western equine encephalitis
West Nile virus
Tetanus
Rabies

39
Q

What do you avoid when giving a horse an injection?

A

Tuber ischii
Ligamentum nuchae
Cervical vertebrae

40
Q

How often should horses be immunized for tetanus?

A

Annually

41
Q

What does encephalomyelitis include?

A

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus
Western equine encephalomyelitis virus
West Nile Virus

42
Q

What is encephalomyelitis?

A

Uniform inflammation of the spinal cord and brain

43
Q

What can encephalomyelitis lead to?

A

Ataxia
Depression
Tremors
Seizures

44
Q

Describe the eastern and western encephalomyelitis vaccines

A

Only killed vaccines are currently available

Must vaccinate at least twice a year, the close to the coast you live you need to vaccinate 3 times a year

45
Q

Describe the west nile virus vaccine

A

Vaccinate 1-2 times yearly recombinant vaccine (Recombitek by Merial)
Vaccinate 2-3 times yearly with killed products based on vector exposure

46
Q

When should vaccines be timed in horses?

A

In accordance with peak mosquito activity in early spring and early fall

47
Q

What is rabies?

A

An uncommon neurological disease that is 100% fatal
Transmissible from horses to humans
Killed products require no booster

Immunology - DVM year 1 (35 decks)

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