Exam 3: Dr. Pinchuk Evasion and Subversion Flashcards

1
Q

What is protective immunity to streptococcus pneumoniae like?

A

Serotype-specific

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2
Q

What does each stereotype of streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

A primary immune response

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3
Q

What is the most important source of long-term protective immunity to many infectious diseases?

A

Antibodies directed against macromolecules on the surface of pathogens

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4
Q

How do some species evade long-term protection?

A

By existing in numerous different strains, which differ in the antigenic macromolecules on their outer surfaces

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5
Q

What does mutation allow influenza virus to do?

A

Escape from immunity

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6
Q

What results in antigenic drift?

A

Point mutations in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase viral genes

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7
Q

What does recombination allow influenza virus to do?

A

Escape from immunity

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8
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Appearance of the new antigens as a result genetic recombinations between two or more viral strains

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9
Q

What does antigenic variation by African trypanosomes allow them to do?

A

Escape from adaptive immunity

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10
Q

What uses persistence by hiding from the immune responses?

A

Herpesviruses persist in a latent state in the trigeminal region
Ncp BVDV

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11
Q

Look at sabotage or subversion of immune defense mechanisms

A

Look at sabotage or subversion of immune defense mechanisms

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12
Q

What are survival strategies of intracellular pathogens?

A

Interfere with antigen uptake mechanisms thus avoiding fast and effective antigen recognition
Create their own vesicle environment which prevents the binding to MHC and their presentation to T cells
Prevent fusion of the phagosomes with lysosomes thus protecting themselves from the lysosomal enzymes, survive and flourish within the cells of vesicular system
Escape from the phagosome into the cytosol, grow and replicate

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13
Q

What is toxoplasma gondii?

A

Highly successful obligate intracellular parasite that can invade and replicate in almost all nucleated cells of warm-blooded animals

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14
Q

What does toxoplasma gondii do?

A

Regulates immune activation and host cell effector mechanisms by specific parasite effector proteins

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15
Q

What are toxoplasma effectors?

A

Master regulators of the pro-inflammatory response

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16
Q

What do the combination of the effectors of toxoplasma gondii work to maintain?

A

An optional parasite burden in different hosts to ensure parasite transmission

17
Q

What are the target cells for leishmania?

A

Macrophages

18
Q

How are canine vector-borne diseases characterized by?

A

The unique three-way interaction between the infectious agent, the vector, and the host immune system

19
Q

What do the effects on host immunity promote?

A

Th2 regulated humoral responses above the host protective Th1-regulated cellular response

20
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity developed with leishmania?

A

Sterilizing immunity

Chronic infection

21
Q

What is sterilizing immunity prevented by?

A

T cells with regulatory function

22
Q

Look at leishmania picture

A

Look at leishmania picture

23
Q

What do viral replication and life cycle depend on?

A

The metabolic and biosynthetic processes in the host cells

24
Q

What are the viral self-defense strategies?

A

Capture of cellular genes encoding cytokines and receptors and diverting the immune response
Synthesis of proteins that inhibit complement fixation
Synthesis of proteins that inhibit antigen processing and presentation

25
Q

What are the most powerful T cell mitogens ever discovered?

A

Superantigens

26
Q

What do superantigens do?

A

Stimulate the T lymphocytes in an uncontrolled manner resulting in fever, shock, and death

27
Q

What does T cells being activated by superantigens result in?

A

Massive systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and T cell mediators, such as IL-2m which can lead to fever and shock

28
Q

Are superantigens presented as peptides in the peptide-biding groove of MHC II molecules?

A

No

29
Q

What do superantigens bind to?

A

MHC II molecules without being processed previously

30
Q

What happens in the superantigen mode of stimulation?

A

Does not prime an adaptive immune response specific for the antigen
Stimulates large numbers of T cells
Causes a massive production of cytokines by CD4 T cells
Contributes to microbial pathogenicity

31
Q

What are examples of superantigen-mediated diseases?

A

Toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning
Mastitis

32
Q

Can immune responses contribute to disease?

A

Yes

33
Q

For some infectious disease, what is all pathology due to?

A

Immune response

34
Q

How do helminths go viral?

A

Cellular signals during helminth infections can skew the immune response to favor viral spreading

35
Q

What does a helminth reaction activate?

A

Th2 cells to release IL-4 and IL-3

36
Q

What does the ideal immune response do?

A

Terminates infection before the pathogen damages tissues or saps the body’s resources

37
Q

What is the ideal situation for a pathogen?

A

The immune system does not interfere with growth and replication
Other parts of the body provide food and shelter