Exam 1: Dr. Pruett Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is sepsis?
A bacterial infection that spreads throughout the body
What happens during sepsis?
The innate immune system releases many different things, which typically combat harmful microbes, at once, which is a bad thing.
What is death from sepsis caused by?
The immune system
What are the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
The components of pathogens recognized by the innate immune system
What is an example of a PAMP in bacterial flagellum on gram-positive bacteria?
Flagellin protein
What is an example of a PAMP in a capsule on gram-positive bacteria?
Capsule polysaccharides
What is an example of a PAMP in the cell wall on gram-positive bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
What is an example of a PAMP in the cytoplasm of gram-positive bacteria?
N-formyl peptides
What is an example of a PAMP in the pili of gram-positive bacteria?
Pillin protein
What is an example of a PAMP in the nucleoid of gram-positive bacteria?
Unmethylated DNA
What is an example of a PAMP in the plasma membrane of gram-positive bacteria?
Lipoteichoic Acids
Certain Lipoproteins
What do toll-like receptors 1 and 2 recognize?
Zymosan (fungi)
Diacyl lipopeptides (bacteria)
GPI-anchored proteins (parasites)
What do TLRs 2 and 6 recognize?
Lipoproteins (bacteria)
Lipoteichoic acid (gram-positive bacteria)
Zymosan (fungi)
What does TLR 4 recognize?
LPS (gram-neg bacteria)
What does TLR 5 recognize?
Flagellin (bacteria)
What does TLR 11 recognize?
Profilin (bacteria)
What does TLR 3 recognize?
dsRNA (virus)
What do TLRs 7 and 8 recognize?
ssRNA (virus)
What does TLR 9 recognize?
Unmethylated DNA (virus, bacteria)
Where do most cell receptors reside?
On the cell surface, but 4 are found in an endolysosome inside the cell
What do the 4 receptors inside the cell recognize?
Viruses and virus components
How does the activation of NFκB happen?
PAMP binds to TLR and moves to IκB, which moves and then dissociates. NFκB moves into nucleus
What is NFκB classified as?
Transcription factor
What is apoptosis?
A mechanism of cell death that prevents inflammation
What happens if there is cell injury?
DAMPs are released
Are DAMPs released when a cell dies by apoptosis?
No
What is a DAMP?
Danger/damage associated molecular pattern
What are the main cell types to respond to DAMPs and PAMPs?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
In the intracellular activation of inflammasomes, what are the main proinflammatory cytokines to be released?
IL-1β and IL-18
How is IL-1β released from the cell?
IL-1β comes from Pro-IL-1β moving through a caspase (which was activated by a pro-caspase)and then IL-1β is released from the cell
What are some examples of DAMPs?
HMGB1 S100 proteins Serum amyloid A DNA Spliceosome-associated protein 130 ATP Uric acid
What do PAMPs and DAMPs do to a resting macrophage?
Turn it into an activated macrophage
What does the activation of a macrophage do?
Releases chemokines, lipid mediators, and proinflammatory cytokines, which further activate the macrophage
What are the sentinel cells that raise alarm that something is going on?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
