Exam 1: Dr. Pruett Chapter 3

Question 1

What is sepsis?

Answer 1

A bacterial infection that spreads throughout the body

Question 2

What happens during sepsis?

Answer 2

The innate immune system releases many different things, which typically combat harmful microbes, at once, which is a bad thing.

Question 3

What is death from sepsis caused by?

Answer 3

The immune system

Question 4

What are the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Answer 4

The components of pathogens recognized by the innate immune system

Question 5

What is an example of a PAMP in bacterial flagellum on gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 5

Flagellin protein

Question 6

What is an example of a PAMP in a capsule on gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 6

Capsule polysaccharides

Question 7

What is an example of a PAMP in the cell wall on gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 7

Peptidoglycan

Question 8

What is an example of a PAMP in the cytoplasm of gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 8

N-formyl peptides

Question 9

What is an example of a PAMP in the pili of gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 9

Pillin protein

Question 10

What is an example of a PAMP in the nucleoid of gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 10

Unmethylated DNA

Question 11

What is an example of a PAMP in the plasma membrane of gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 11

Lipoteichoic Acids

Certain Lipoproteins

Question 12

What do toll-like receptors 1 and 2 recognize?

Answer 12

Zymosan (fungi)
Diacyl lipopeptides (bacteria)
GPI-anchored proteins (parasites)

Question 13

What do TLRs 2 and 6 recognize?

Answer 13

Lipoproteins (bacteria)
Lipoteichoic acid (gram-positive bacteria)
Zymosan (fungi)

Question 14

What does TLR 4 recognize?

Answer 14

LPS (gram-neg bacteria)

Question 15

What does TLR 5 recognize?

Answer 15

Flagellin (bacteria)

Question 16

What does TLR 11 recognize?

Answer 16

Profilin (bacteria)

Question 17

What does TLR 3 recognize?

Answer 17

dsRNA (virus)

Question 18

What do TLRs 7 and 8 recognize?

Answer 18

ssRNA (virus)

Question 19

What does TLR 9 recognize?

Answer 19

Unmethylated DNA (virus, bacteria)

Question 20

Where do most cell receptors reside?

Answer 20

On the cell surface, but 4 are found in an endolysosome inside the cell

Question 21

What do the 4 receptors inside the cell recognize?

Answer 21

Viruses and virus components

Question 22

How does the activation of NFκB happen?

Answer 22

PAMP binds to TLR and moves to IκB, which moves and then dissociates. NFκB moves into nucleus

Question 23

What is NFκB classified as?

Answer 23

Transcription factor

Question 24

What is apoptosis?

Answer 24

A mechanism of cell death that prevents inflammation

Question 25

What happens if there is cell injury?

Answer 25

DAMPs are released

Question 26

Are DAMPs released when a cell dies by apoptosis?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What is a DAMP?

Answer 27

Danger/damage associated molecular pattern

Question 28

What are the main cell types to respond to DAMPs and PAMPs?

Answer 28

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 29

In the intracellular activation of inflammasomes, what are the main proinflammatory cytokines to be released?

Answer 29

IL-1β and IL-18

Question 30

How is IL-1β released from the cell?

Answer 30

IL-1β comes from Pro-IL-1β moving through a caspase (which was activated by a pro-caspase)and then IL-1β is released from the cell

Question 31

What are some examples of DAMPs?

Answer 31

``` HMGB1 S100 proteins Serum amyloid A DNA Spliceosome-associated protein 130 ATP Uric acid ```

Question 32

What do PAMPs and DAMPs do to a resting macrophage?

Answer 32

Turn it into an activated macrophage

Question 33

What does the activation of a macrophage do?

Answer 33

Releases chemokines, lipid mediators, and proinflammatory cytokines, which further activate the macrophage

Question 34

What are the sentinel cells that raise alarm that something is going on?

Answer 34

Macrophages and dendritic cells