Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology - DVM year 1 > Exam 4: Dr. Sullivant Vaccine Immunology > Flashcards

Exam 4: Dr. Sullivant Vaccine Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe passive immunization

A

Transfer of ready-made antibodies to an individual
Provides immediate humoral protection
Does not induce an immune response from the host (no memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are clinical examples of passive immunization?

A

Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in humans
Tetanus antitoxin
Pit viper antivenin
Plasma transfusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the methods of passive immunization via transfer of maternal antibodies?

A

Passive transfer of maternal antibody through placenta

Ingestion of colostrum via initial suckling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens with the GI tract with suckling to get colostrum?

A

It has maximal permeability to proteins from 0-4 hours, closes by approximately 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the pro of passive immunization via transfer of maternal antibodies?

A

Provides immediate protection of the neonate against pathogens and lasts for 6-16 weeks of age, on average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the con of passive immunization via transfer of maternal antibodies?

A

Can interfere with vaccination of neonate via binding of maternal antibody to the antigen in the vaccine (known as immunity gap)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the strategy of passive immunization via transfer of maternal antibodies?

A

Administer multiple, sequential vaccines to puppies and kittens until at least 16 weeks of age

  • -1st vaccine: initial response/recognition takes 10-14 days with maximum response at 3 weeks
  • -2nd vaccine: leads to immunological memory
  • -3rd and 4th vaccine: stronger and more rapid memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the immunity gap?

A

Maternal Ab can do this even when the level of antibodies is not sufficient to protect against pathogens
Vulnerable window of time where there is a little too much of the mother’s antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A

Killed

Modified-live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are killed vaccines?

A

Organism is completely inactivated

May require adjuvant to stimulate immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is modified-live vaccine?

A

Organism is modified to a less virulent state (attenuated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the pros of MLV?

A 
Rapid and prolonged protection
Stimulates CMI and long-lived humoral immune response
Reduced allergenicity
Stimulates secretory antibody
Lower antigen mass needed
Single dose effectiveness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the cons of MLV?

A 
No preservatives for storage
Requires multiplication in host
Susceptible to inactivation
Risk of reversion to virulence
Can produce vaccine-induced illness in immunosuppressed hosts
Vaccinates can shed into environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the pros to killed vaccines?

A 
No reversion to virulence
Stability in storage
Increased immunity with added adjuvants
Safe in immunosuppressed animals
Vaccinates do not shed organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the cons to killed vaccines?

A 
Stimulates humoral immunity
Minimum of 2 doses needed for protection
Increased risk of allergic complications
Shorter duration of immunity
Adjuvants frequently required*
Ag may not induce proper Ab if too denatured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Substance that enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines that stimulate cell-mediated immunity

17
Q

What are adjuvants used with?

A

Killed organisms or purified antigens

18
Q

What do adjuvants attempt to do?

A

Increase duration and amount of immuno-stimulation equal to MLVs

19
Q

What do adjuvants produce?

A

Heightened inflammatory reaction–good or bad

20
Q

What is the underlying theme of sarcoma development in cats?

A

Inflammation

21
Q

Where is the rabies vaccine site?

A

As low as possible on the lateral right hindlimb (below stifle)

22
Q

Where is the FeLV vaccine site?

A

As low as possible on the lateral left hindlimb (below stifle)

23
Q

Where is the FPC/FHV-1/FCV vaccine site?

A

Lateral aspect of right forelimb below elbow

24
Q

When are core vaccines used?

A

Infection has high risk of morbidity and mortality
Infections are of public health concern
Infections are readily transmitted
Infections are ubiquitous in environment
Safe, efficacious vaccines are available
Vaccines prevent infection or decrease clinical signs

25
Q

What are examples of canine core vaccines?

A

DA2P (distemper, adenovirus, and parvovirus)

Rabies

26
Q

What are non-core vaccines used for?

A

Vaccine may have limited efficacy
Disease is not readily transmitted
Limited geographic disturbance or prevalence
Disease is mild
Vaccines may interfere with diagnostic screening

27
Q

What are examples of canine non-core vaccines?

A

Leptospirosis

Bordetella

28
Q

What are examples of feline core vaccines?

A

FVRCP (Feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia)
Rabies
Feline leukemia virus

29
Q

What are the recommendations for feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A 
Cats can persistently shed virus
Prevention before exposure is key
MLV or killed vaccine at 6-9 weeks old (right front)
Kittens need 2nd vaccine 4 weeks later
Last vaccine at 16-20 weeks old
Vaccinate 1 year later
Then every 3 years
30
Q

What are the recommendations for feline rabies?

A

Initial vaccine at 12 weeks with recombination vaccine or killed
Distal right hindlimb
Give recombinant vaccine annually
Check state and local regulations

31
Q

What are the recommendations for FeLV?

A

Recommended to vaccinate when less than 1 year and booster in 1 year
Viral screening of all kittens with ELISA prior to vaccination
Use killed or recombinant vaccine at 1st or 2nd kitten visit
Then 4 weeks later
Then 1 year after last kitten vaccine
Left hind limb
Becomes non-core vaccine for adult cats

32
Q

What are the feline non-core vaccines?

A

Chlamydiosis

Bordetella

33
Q

What is a feline vaccine that is not recommended?

A

Feline immunodeficiency virus

34
Q

What is used for the diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus?

A

SNAP test is used for antibodies to FIV, so vaccinated animals are positive

35
Q

What happens when vaccinating older animals?

A

Can mount an adequate immune response
2 vaccination given 3-4 weeks apart are considered protective in dogs and cats older than 16 weeks
One MLV would likely also be protective
Booster at 1 year for first vaccination, then every 3 years
Duration of immunity has been shown to be up to more than 5 years for many core products

36
Q

What is an adverse reactions for cats?

A

Feline injection site sarcomas

37
Q

How can you protect from adverse reactions?

A

Avoid adjuvants

3-2-1 rule

38
Q

What is the 3-2-1 rule?

A

Persists for longer than 3 months
Greater than or equal to 2 cm
Increases in size after 1 month

Immunology - DVM year 1 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions