Exam 4: Affective Disorders

Question 1

disturbances of mood typically accompanied by sustained, inappropriate expression or pleasure or misery

Answer 1

affective (mood) disorders

Question 2

what are the 2 types of affective disorders the DSM-5 describes that are characteried by extreme and innaprotpriate exaggeration of mood

Answer 2

major depression

bipolar disorder

Question 3

recurring episodes of dysphoria and negative thinking

Answer 3

major depression

Question 4

mood swings from depression to mania over time

Answer 4

bipolar disorder

Question 5

depression facts

Answer 5

• 5% adults suffer from depression
• women>men
• depression rates tripled over the pandemic ( 1 in 3 in 2021)
• 7-15% of depressed individuals commit suicide

Question 6

how many people die from suicides each year

Answer 6

> 700,000
2nd leading casue of death in 15-29yrs old
46,000 suicides in US in 2020
75% of ppl in low or middle income countries receive no treatment

Question 7

reactive depression

Answer 7

state of sadness in response to situations like loss of a loved one
-does not constitute mental illness, unless symptoms are disproportionate to the event or significantly prolonged

Question 8

clinical depression

Answer 8

characterized by loss of interest in almost everything and inability to experience plessure (adhedonesia)
-most patients feel hopelessness, sadness, worthlessness, guilt, desperation

Question 9

types of depression (6)

Answer 9

major depressive disorder
dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)
postpartum depression
psychotic depression
seasonal affective disorder
bipolar depression

Question 10

depression symptoms

Answer 10

• loss of interest in almost everything
• anhedonia: cannot exerience pleasure
• feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, sadness, guilt, desperation
• loss of self-esteem, hopelessness about future
• loss of appetite, insomnia, crying, diminished sex drive, loss of ambition, fatigue, agitation
• digestive disturbances, difficulty breathing, physical pain
• suicidal ideation

Question 11

frequency of depressive episodes

Answer 11

if untreated can improve in 6-9 months but reoccur throughout lifetime
-frequency and intensity of episodes inc over time

Question 12

classification of major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 12

5 or more of the following symptoms must be present for 2wks or longer and represent a change from normal functioning

• MUST include depresseed mood OR loss of pleasure
• some people can experience MAD wihout “sad/depressed” feeling

Question 13

depression symptoms-sleep

Answer 13

altered sleep rhythms are one of the most common and persistent symptoms of MDD

• onset of sleep is delayed
• onset of REM sleep occurs earlier
• dec in slow-wave or deep sleep with repeated awakenings during the night

Question 14

MDD prevalence-gender, age, race

Answer 14

gender: other category
age: 18-24 is the highest
race: unkown race highest then hispanic

Question 15

dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

Answer 15

-mild but long-term form of depression
“down in the dumps” without meeting full criteria of MDD
-symptoms present 2 yrs or more for adults
-onset typically prior to adulthood, but can happen to anyone

Question 16

common symptoms of MDD and Dysthymia

Answer 16

depressed mood, disturbed sleep, low energy, poor concentration, indecisiveness

Question 17

symptoms specific to dysthymia, not MDD

Answer 17

no history of mania, no MDD in first 2 yrs

Question 18

number of checklist symptoms requred for diagnosis of dysthymia

Answer 18

at least 2

Question 19

postpartum/perinatal depression

Answer 19

major depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy (antenatal depression) or after childbirth (postpartum depression)

• antenatal depression: 20%, PPD 10-15% women in US
• 50-70% go undiagnosed, up to 85% go untreated

Question 20

symptoms of postpartum/perinatal depression

Answer 20

feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, guilt, doubt, fatigue apetite changes, physical pain, thoughts of death/suicide/harming baby

interferes with ability to carry out daily tasks

Question 21

consequences of postpartum depression

Answer 21

offspring at risk for developmental delays, elevated cortisol levels, reduced dopamine and serotonin

Question 22

seasonal affective disorder

Answer 22

depression characterized by recurrent seasonal pattern

• winter vs summer
• symptoms last 4-5 months

Question 23

winter pattern SAD can include

Answer 23

oversleeping (hypersomnia)
overeating (carbs)
weight gain
social withdrawal

Question 24

summer pattern SAD include

Answer 24

troubl sleeping/insomnia
poor appetite (weight loss)
restlessness/agitation
anxiety
violent behavior

Question 25

psychotic depression

Answer 25

MDD/dysthymia accompanied with psychosis
-delusions and hallucinations

affects up t 20% of people with MDD
often leads to hospitalization
inc risk of suicide/accidental death

Question 26

bipolar disorder disorder

Answer 26

characterized by mood swings from depression to mania over time

Question 27

what is mania characterized as

Answer 27

periods of great excitement or euphoris delusions, overactivity

Question 28

types of mania

Answer 28

euphoric mania
dysphoric mania
psychotic mania
hypomania

Question 29

manic episodes are characterized by

Answer 29

feelings of elation, inc energy, diminished need for sleep, grandiosity, denial, poor decision making
not attributable to drug use

impairs social functioning - may require hospitalization

Question 30

euphoric mania

Answer 30

“super-human energy”
“feeling great” uncontrollably excited, like you can’t get yor words out fast enough
hypersexual urges
easily distracted or racing thoughts
talking a lot, over friendly, inc activity, sleeping very little, risk taking, excessive spending/drug use

Question 31

hypomania

Answer 31

not accompanied by severe functional impairment
creative, energetic
reduced sleep needs

Question 32

dysphoric mania

Answer 32

"agitated depression"
mood is terribly depressed
feelings of helplessness and worthlessness
high energy and agitation
anti-depressants worsen dysphoric mania

energized but feel terrible - may be diagnosed as depressed at first instead of bipolar

Question 33

psychotic mania

Answer 33

15-20% bipolar patients
delusions of grandeur: believe they have special powrs/insight
paranoia (rare)
-belief that others are out to get them
-delusions and paranoia ends with the manic period

Question 34

comorbidities and depression

Answer 34

anxiety and alcohol dependence

• almost 60%
• comorbidity preditcs severe symptoms and persistent symptoms more difficult to treat
• episodes reoccur throughout life inc frequency and intensity