Exam 1 Quiz 2: Pharmacodynamics Pt. 3

Question 1

reduced response to a drug after repeated exposure

must increase dose to maintain same magnitude of biological effect

Answer 1

drug tolerance

Question 2

tolerance to 1 drug can reduce effectiveness of a second drug
drugs usually in the same class

Answer 2

cross tolerance

Question 3

tolerance develops during single drug administration

ex: alcohol

Answer 3

acute tolerance

Question 4

repeated drug se reduces amount of drug available at target tissue
ex: liver enzyme induction

Answer 4

metabolic tolerance (drug disposition tolerance)

Question 5

changes in cell function/structure as a result of continual drug use
ex: receptor up or down regulation

Answer 5

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 6

drug taking behavior is tied to a particular environment

dec in impairment in behavior even though taking lots of a drug

Answer 6

behavioral tolerance (context-dependent tolerance)

Question 7

what underlies behavioral tolerance

Answer 7

many different learning paradigms such as classical and operant conditioning

Question 8

learned association between drug taking context and the pleasurable feeling of drug use

Answer 8

classical conditioning

Question 9

example of behavioral tolerance

Answer 9

always does heroin in bedroom

eventually seeing stuff in the bedroom cues you that you should be doing drugs

Question 10

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 10

the drug or the food in the dog example that naturally cuases salvation

• psychoactive drugs elicit reflexive effects (cortical arousal, elevated BP,euphoria)

Question 11

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 11

behavioral change you see

• getting high, or puking
• salivation in the dog example

Question 12

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 12

external trigger that signals to you

• bell in the dog example
• could be people (drug dealer), places (where you consume drugs), or items (spoon used to do heroin)

Question 13

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 13

action from the anticipation of taking the drugs

ex: salivation of dog even when no food is provided
- drug taking procedure OR environment can elicit these even before drug is consumed

Question 14

How does classical conditioning cause tolerance?

Answer 14

tells the body what to expect, you get used to using the drug in this context
inc desire but overtime your body gets used to it and behavioral effects are reduced

Question 15

consequence of a given behavior modified the likelihood that that behavior will be exhibited again

Answer 15

operant conditioning

Question 16

reinforcement

Answer 16

behavior made more likely to occur

Question 17

positive reinforcement

Answer 17

drug “high” euphoria feeling

Question 18

negative reinforcement

Answer 18

escaping bad feelings - do not want to go into withdrawl

Question 19

characteristics of drug tolerance (4)

Answer 19

dose, dosage, context dependent
not all drugs show same degree of tolerance
may not develop tolerance to ALL effects of the drug
reversible!!! - can diminish after stopped using

Question 20

increased drug effects following repeated administration of the same dose
less drug needed to achieve the same effect
leftward shift on dose response curve

Answer 20

sensitization

Question 21

taking 1 drug can make a person more sensitized to other drugs in the future

Answer 21

cross sensitization

Question 22

factors that influence drug tolerance and sensitization

Answer 22

genetic variability and polymorphisms

- drug metabolism and cytochrome p450s have many polymorphisms

Question 23

if you cannot metabolize drugs well…

Answer 23

you need a lower dose to get a response

why people do genetic screening before giving certain drugs