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Drugs and Behavior > Exam 2: Monoamines > Flashcards

Exam 2: Monoamines Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of monoamines - examples in each

A

indolamines (serotonin)

catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

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2
Q

what neurotransmitters share a biosynthetic pathway

A

catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

- all start with tyrosine

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3
Q

catecholamine synthesis begins with the amino acid…

A

tyrosine

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4
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme for catecholamine sysnthesis?

A 
tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
- amount of dopamine depends on amount and activity of TH
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5
Q

what converts dopa to dopamine

A

aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)

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6
Q

what converts dopamine to norepinephrine

A

dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH)

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7
Q

what are catecholamines transported into vesicles by?

A

vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT)

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8
Q

what happens if DA and NE are not protected in vesicles?

A

they get broken down and levels drop causing sedation and depression

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9
Q

VMAT blocker

A

Reserpine

  • produces state of depression
  • used in animals
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10
Q

2 mechanisms of catecholamine inactivation

A

reuptake and enzymatic degradation

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11
Q

reuptake of catecholamines

A

DA transporter and NE transporter bring DA and NE back into the cell
- molecules then repackages into vesicles or broken down

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12
Q

what do antidepressants usually block?

A

NET and SERT

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13
Q

what does cocaine inhibit?

A

reuptake of DA, NE, 5-HT

get build up in the synapse

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14
Q

enzymatic degradation of catecholamines

A

COMT and MAO (MAOB)

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15
Q

Dopamine metabolite in humans

A

homovanillic acid (HVA)

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16
Q

NE metabolite

A

MHPG (3-methoxyl-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol in brain

VMA (vanillymandelic acid) in PNS

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17
Q

2 families of dopamine receptors

A

all metabotropic

D1 family and D2 family

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18
Q

D1 family of receptors

A

excitatory - inc adenylyl cyclase

includes D1 and D5

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19
Q

D2 family of receptors

A

inhibitory - reduces adenylyl cyclase
D2, D3, D4
hyperpolarization

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20
Q

DA autoreceptor

A

inhibitory - opens K+ channels, K+ exits cell
D2 receptor
presynaptic

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21
Q

neurons that use dopamine are called

A

dopaminergic

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22
Q

dopamine neuron cell bodies located in what 3 brain regions

A

ventral tegmental area
hypothalamus
substantia nigra

23
Q

4 dopamine pathways

A

mesolimbic dopamine system
mesocortical dopamine ssytem
tuberoinfundibular dopamine system
nigrostriatal dopamine system

24
Q

mesolimbic dopamine system

A

cell bodies in VTA project to the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum)

25
Q

mesocortical dopamine system

A

cell bodies in VTA and project to the cerebral cortex

26
Q

tuberoinfundibular dopamine system

A

cell bodies in hypothalamus and axons project to pituitary (prolactin)

27
Q

nigrostriatal dopamine system

A

cell bodies in substantia nigra axons project to the striatum

28
Q

cells producing NE are referred to as

A

noradrenergic

29
Q

where are cell bodies of NE located?

A

locus coeruleus in the pons

lateral tegmental system in the midbrain

axons project all over forebrain

30
Q

NE systems modulate

A

mood, arousal, and sexual behavior

31
Q

what is NE?

A

a neurotransmitter and a hormone

32
Q

NE as a hormone?

A

released from adrenal glands and travels in bloodstream to target organs
- CANNOT cross BBB

33
Q

release of NE effects on SNS

A

inc BP, inc HR, dec digestion, dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles, heart and brain

34
Q

all NE receptors are

A

metabotropic

35
Q

alpha NE receptors

A

a1-excitatory

a2-inhibitory - autoreceptor

36
Q

beta NE receptors

A

B1,2,3 all excitatory

37
Q

serotonin is an

A

indolamine

38
Q

most cell bodies of serotonin are located in

A

raphe nuclei (brainstem) and axons project through brain

39
Q

what is serotonin implicated in

A

sleep states, mood, sexual behavior, anxiety, hunger, aggression

40
Q

Prozac

A

increases serotonin activity

41
Q

serotonin is synthesized from what amino acid

A

tryptophan

42
Q

rate limiting step of serotonin

A

tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) converting tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

43
Q

what converts 5-HTP to 5-HT

A

AADC (aromatic amino acid decarboxylase)

44
Q

how is serotonin transported into vesicles

A

VMAT2

45
Q

Inactivation of serotonin: reuptake

A

reuptake by serotonin transporter (SERT)

46
Q

SSRis (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

A

antidepressants

increase the amount of serotonin available

47
Q

serotonin inactivation: enzymatic breakdown

A

breakdown of 5-HT catalyzed by MAO-A

metabolite: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

48
Q

ionotropic serotonin receptor

A

5-HT3

49
Q

inhibitory serotonin receptors

A

5-HT1

5-HT5

50
Q

serotonin autoreceptor

A

5-HT1A
terminal autoreceptors- directly inhibit release
somatodendritic autoreceptors-indirectly inhibit release by slowing rate of neuron firing

51
Q

Inhibitory 5-HT1AR expression

A

hippocampus, septum, amygdala, dorsal raphe, striatum

agonists reduce anxiety and pain

52
Q

Inhibitory 5-HT1BR expression

A

pain perception

constricts blood vessels and blocks pain signals to ease pain in migraine sufferers

agonists reduce food intake - anorexia

53
Q

excitatory 5-HT2AR expression

A

large amount in cerebral cortex

contribute to hallucinogenic effects of drugs (LSD)

Drugs and Behavior (27 decks)

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