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Drugs and Behavior > Exam 2: Amphetamines > Flashcards

Exam 2: Amphetamines Flashcards

1
Q

what neurotransmitter are amphetamines structurally related to?

A

dopamine

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2
Q

two similar plant compounds

A

cathinone: suburb native to East Africa and Arabia
ephedrine: from herb used in chinese medicine for years

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3
Q

amphetamines original purposes

A

asthma, alertness in wars, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children

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4
Q

what schedule drug are amphetamines

A

schedule 2 - has some instrumental use

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5
Q

federal laws limited ingredients inmethamphetamine…

A

pseudophedrine cold medicine

anhydrous ammonia fertilizer

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6
Q

types of amphetamines

A

D-amphetamine (Dexedrine): more potent than L amphetamie

L-amphetamine (Benzedrine): less potent than D-amphetamnie

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7
Q

what is methamphetamine commonly found as

A

odorless, white or off-white, bitter tasting powder

found in pills, capsules, larger crystals

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8
Q

currently do people use more amphetamines or methamphetamines?

A

amphetamines

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9
Q

what gender is more likely to use methamphetamine and become dependent

A

females

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10
Q

route of administration of amphetamines

A

oral

snorted, injected smoked - most common ones

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11
Q

absorption of amphetamines

A

water soluble, well absorbed into blood
GI tract-slow
IV-rapid

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12
Q

distribution of amphetamines

A

most organs - highest uptake in lungs and liver
highly liophillic -crosses BBB
methamphetamine gets into brain quicker than either type of amphetamine

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13
Q

metabolism of amphetamines

A

NOT completely broken down
in liver by CYP4502D6
in brain by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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14
Q

major and minor metabolites for methamphetamine

A

major: amphetamine
minor: 4-hydroxymethamphetamine

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15
Q

metabolites for amphetamines

A

major: 4-hydroxymethamphetamine

p-hydroxymethamphetamine - potent hallucinogen

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16
Q

excretion of amphetamines

A

half life 6-12 hrs
rate of excretion influenced by pH of urine
high pH = longer time for elimination - meth quicker since more basic

kidneys

17
Q

amphetamines compared to cocaine

A

amphetamines have longer half life - 12 hrs and longer drug actions - 10 hrs

18
Q

what do amphetamines stimulate the release and block uptake of

A

catecholamines in CNS

19
Q

amphetamines block and reverse function of what transporters

A

monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, SERT) and VMAT2

20
Q

neurotoxicity of methamphetamine

A

damage and depletion of DA and 5-HT neurons!!!
10% loss of brain tissue in limbic system
nigrostriatal DA neurons destroyed - inc risk for PD

21
Q

what neurotransmitter increases body T and has appetite effects

A

serotonin

22
Q

people with methamphetamine abuse or dependence have deficits in what?

A

motor and cognition

23
Q

behavioral effects: immediately after IV vs oral

A

IV: intense rush that is pleasurable
oral: euphoria but no rush

24
Q

acute behavioral effects of amphetamines

A

nervousness, anxiety, panic

punding - purposeless prolonged and repetitive behaviors (nail biting)
insomnia
reduced appetite
stomach cramps

25
Q

physical damage as result of chronic use

A

cardio and pulmonary dysfunction (heart attack, stroke, inflammation of heart)

tooth decay (meth mouth)

26
Q

psychological effects of chronic use

A

amphetamine psychosis: [paranoia, visual and tactile hallucinations (formication)
anxiety, OCD - punding

27
Q

methylphenidate

A

trade name: ritalin
schedule 2 drug
hyperactivity disorders, narcolepsy, depression, coma, ADHD!!!

28
Q

absorption of methylphenidate

A

orally - most common if instrumental use

nasal, IV

29
Q

metabolism of Ritalin

A

broken by liver to make water soluble into ritalinic acid

30
Q

excretion of Ritalin

A

half life about 3.5 hrs range 2-8hrs
less in kids - 2-5hrs
urine

31
Q

pharmacodynamics of Ritalin

A

DAT and NET reuptake blocker

32
Q

behavioral effects of ritalin

A

inc arousal, alertness, moood
inc focus
high doses lead to anxiety

33
Q

PFC and ADHD

normal PFC

A

alpha 2A receptors: enhance sensory signals (inc signal)
D1 receptors: decrease irrelevant signals (reduce noise)
both to help focus

34
Q

in ADHD patients - PFC

A

PFC dysfunction, low levels of DA and NE so giving low levels of stiumlant can help bring these levels up

35
Q

abuse potential of Ritalin

A

lower abuse potential than cocaine, amphetamiens, methamphetamines when used instrumentally

Drugs and Behavior (27 decks)

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