Exam 2: Amphetamines Flashcards

1
Q

what neurotransmitter are amphetamines structurally related to?

A

dopamine

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2
Q

two similar plant compounds

A

cathinone: suburb native to East Africa and Arabia
ephedrine: from herb used in chinese medicine for years

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3
Q

amphetamines original purposes

A

asthma, alertness in wars, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children

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4
Q

what schedule drug are amphetamines

A

schedule 2 - has some instrumental use

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5
Q

federal laws limited ingredients inmethamphetamine…

A

pseudophedrine cold medicine

anhydrous ammonia fertilizer

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6
Q

types of amphetamines

A

D-amphetamine (Dexedrine): more potent than L amphetamie

L-amphetamine (Benzedrine): less potent than D-amphetamnie

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7
Q

what is methamphetamine commonly found as

A

odorless, white or off-white, bitter tasting powder

found in pills, capsules, larger crystals

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8
Q

currently do people use more amphetamines or methamphetamines?

A

amphetamines

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9
Q

what gender is more likely to use methamphetamine and become dependent

A

females

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10
Q

route of administration of amphetamines

A

oral

snorted, injected smoked - most common ones

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11
Q

absorption of amphetamines

A

water soluble, well absorbed into blood
GI tract-slow
IV-rapid

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12
Q

distribution of amphetamines

A

most organs - highest uptake in lungs and liver
highly liophillic -crosses BBB
methamphetamine gets into brain quicker than either type of amphetamine

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13
Q

metabolism of amphetamines

A

NOT completely broken down
in liver by CYP4502D6
in brain by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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14
Q

major and minor metabolites for methamphetamine

A

major: amphetamine
minor: 4-hydroxymethamphetamine

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15
Q

metabolites for amphetamines

A

major: 4-hydroxymethamphetamine

p-hydroxymethamphetamine - potent hallucinogen

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16
Q

excretion of amphetamines

A

half life 6-12 hrs
rate of excretion influenced by pH of urine
high pH = longer time for elimination - meth quicker since more basic

kidneys

17
Q

amphetamines compared to cocaine

A

amphetamines have longer half life - 12 hrs and longer drug actions - 10 hrs

18
Q

what do amphetamines stimulate the release and block uptake of

A

catecholamines in CNS

19
Q

amphetamines block and reverse function of what transporters

A

monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, SERT) and VMAT2

20
Q

neurotoxicity of methamphetamine

A

damage and depletion of DA and 5-HT neurons!!!
10% loss of brain tissue in limbic system
nigrostriatal DA neurons destroyed - inc risk for PD

21
Q

what neurotransmitter increases body T and has appetite effects

22
Q

people with methamphetamine abuse or dependence have deficits in what?

A

motor and cognition

23
Q

behavioral effects: immediately after IV vs oral

A

IV: intense rush that is pleasurable
oral: euphoria but no rush

24
Q

acute behavioral effects of amphetamines

A

nervousness, anxiety, panic

punding - purposeless prolonged and repetitive behaviors (nail biting)
insomnia
reduced appetite
stomach cramps

25
physical damage as result of chronic use
cardio and pulmonary dysfunction (heart attack, stroke, inflammation of heart) tooth decay (meth mouth)
26
psychological effects of chronic use
amphetamine psychosis: [paranoia, visual and tactile hallucinations (formication) anxiety, OCD - punding
27
methylphenidate
trade name: ritalin schedule 2 drug hyperactivity disorders, narcolepsy, depression, coma, ADHD!!!
28
absorption of methylphenidate
orally - most common if instrumental use | nasal, IV
29
metabolism of Ritalin
broken by liver to make water soluble into ritalinic acid
30
excretion of Ritalin
half life about 3.5 hrs range 2-8hrs less in kids - 2-5hrs urine
31
pharmacodynamics of Ritalin
DAT and NET reuptake blocker
32
behavioral effects of ritalin
inc arousal, alertness, moood inc focus high doses lead to anxiety
33
PFC and ADHD | normal PFC
alpha 2A receptors: enhance sensory signals (inc signal) D1 receptors: decrease irrelevant signals (reduce noise) both to help focus
34
in ADHD patients - PFC
PFC dysfunction, low levels of DA and NE so giving low levels of stiumlant can help bring these levels up
35
abuse potential of Ritalin
lower abuse potential than cocaine, amphetamiens, methamphetamines when used instrumentally