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Drugs and Behavior > Exam 2: Nicotine Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Nicotine Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

nicotine is an agonist for…

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)

  • binds to same place as Ach
  • opens Na ion channels, excitatory response - depolarization
  • high affinity receptors in brain and autonomic ganglia
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2
Q

high doses of nicotine lead to persistent activation of …

A

nAChR and continuous depolarization of postsynaptic cell

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3
Q

what is it when the cell cannot fire again until nicotine is removed

A

depolarization block

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4
Q

acetylcholine actions of a new smoker

A

Ach actions increase following nicotine use

- no pharmacodynamic tolerance yet

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5
Q

acetylcholine actions of an addicted smoker

A

brain compensates for amount of Ach by DECREASING the number of postsynaptic receptors (down regulation - form of pharmacodynamic tolerance)

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6
Q

nAChRs found both presynaptically and postsynaptically, facilitate actions of what?

A

ACh, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate

- has effects on CNS, PNS, heart and other organs

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7
Q

nicotine activates sympathetic and parasympathetic systems causing…

A

wide range of physiological effects like tachycardia, and inc BP

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8
Q

MAO in smokers

A

smokers have way less MAO
- MAO breaks down monoamines like dopamine and norepinephrine
- if not broken down, these are remaining in the synapse for longer
inhibition of MAOs contributes to reinforcing effects of smoking

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9
Q

how does smoking affect the brain?

A
  1. alters the number of receptors available (up/down regulation)
  2. high affinity nAChR in the VTA stimulates firing of dopamine neurons which inc dopamine release in nucleus accumbens
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10
Q

when nicotine binds you get more action potentials so….

A

dopamine levels inc in the nucleus accumbens

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11
Q

what subunits are involved in nicotine reinforcement

A

a4, a6, B2

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12
Q

what is linked to the subjective effects of smoking, smoking rates, and the risk of developing nicotine dependence

A

genetic polymorphisms for a4, a6, B2

more receptors-more likely to be pleasurable

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13
Q

which subunits are involved in nicotine’s aversive properties - reducing the propensity to consume or self-administer

A

a5,a3,B4

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14
Q

where are nAChRs that mediate nicotine aversion concentrated

A

medial habenula to the interpeduncular nucleus

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15
Q

effects of nicotine: dopamine

A

pleasure, reward

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16
Q

effects of nicotine: norepinephrine

A

arousal, appetite suppression

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17
Q

effects of nicotine: acetylcholine

A

arousal, attention and cognitive enhancement (learning, memory)

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18
Q

effects of nicotine: glutamate

A

learning, memory improvement

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19
Q

effects of nicotine: serotonin

A

mood, appetite suppression

20
Q

effects of nicotine: B-endorphin

A

reduces anxiety and tension

21
Q

effects of nicotine: GABA

A

reduced anxiety and tension

22
Q

4 benefits of nicotine

A
  • learning, memory, ability (positive influence on cognition and motor function even in nonsmokers)
  • symptoms reduced in ADHD and Tourette’s (tics)
  • Alzheimer’s disease (patients see Ach neurons die, but with nicotine they have inc capacity for learning verbal material - replaces the lost Ach input)

-PD: dopamine neurons die, with nicotine they have lower incidences of PD
(nicotine is neuroprotective for dopamine neruons)

23
Q

nicotine effects in smokers

A
  • calm, relaxed state

- partly a relief from nicotine withdrawal symptoms

24
Q

nicotine effects in nonsmokers

A

elicits heightened tension or arousal
lightheadedness, dizziness, nausea
-here Ach is acting as a true stimulant

25
Q

acute effects of nicotine (7)

A
  • general stimulant/arousal effects (inc HR and BP, alertness, appetite suppression)
  • carbon monoxide reduces O2 transport to heart and organs
  • calming (anxiolytic) effects in some (common users)
  • mild euphoria
  • cognitive enhancements
  • antidepressant effects - dec in MAO
26
Q

nicotine addiction cycle (6 steps)

A
  1. cigarette smoking
  2. nicotine absorption
  3. arousal, mood modulation, pleasure
  4. tolerance and physical dependence
  5. drug abstinence produces withdrawal symptoms
  6. craving for nicotine to self-medicate withdrawal symptoms
27
Q

during the night, mild withdrawal occurs, but at the same time tolerance from the previous day dissipates

A

acute tolerance

28
Q

acute tolerance is related to _____

A

desensitization of central nAChRs - including ones that mediate nicotine reinforcement `

29
Q

chronic tolerance to nicotine

A
  • long term exposure
  • compensatory response in brain: upregulation of high affinity nAChRs
  • subjective nicotine effects occur with frequent use
  • slow to dissipate even after abstinence - nACR desensitization to blame
30
Q

what leads up to chronic tolerance?

A

wanting, craving, needing

31
Q

abstinence syndrome

A

long nicotine withdrawal

symptoms: affective, somatic, cognitive

32
Q

affective symptoms of nicotine withdrawal

A 
anxiety
irritability
depressed mood
anhedonia (no longer find joy in things)
insomnia
restlessness
hyperaglesia (inc pain response)
33
Q

somatic symptoms of nicotine withdrawal

A 
tremors
bradycardia
nausea
respiratory changes
hunger and weight gain
34
Q

cognitive symptoms of nicotine withdrawal

A 
difficulty concentrating (attention issues)
impaired memory
-changes in activation of frontal lobe
35
Q

when do symptoms of abstinence syndrome subside

A

first few days is the worst, goes away within 2-4 weeks

36
Q

what prevents withdrawal symptoms of nicotine

A

use of nicotine gum, transdermal patches, losenges give low doses so you do not get a rush or reward

37
Q

abstinence syndrome is mediated by a combination of… (4 things)

A
  1. resensitization of the desensitized and up-regulated nAChRs (remove depolarization blocks)
  2. reduced activity of mesolimbic dopamine pathway
  3. increased CRF in amygdala (antireward system)
  4. activation of pathway between medial habenula and interpeduncular nucleus (nicotine aversion/side effects)
38
Q

why do people smoke?

A

development and maintaining vaping and smoking habits

  • to deliver nicotine to the body
  • to keep taking it to maintain steady state
39
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

conditioned stimuli
signal reward is coming
ex: that blue hoodie you always smoke in

40
Q

nicotine resource model

A

smokers routinely report smoking causes relaxation, alleviation of stress, increased ability to concentrate

41
Q

deprivation reversal model

A

positive effects of smoking represent alleviation of irritability, stress, poor concentration experienced by smokers between cigarettes

42
Q

the “relaxing” effect of smoking almost brings the smoker to the ______ as a typical nonsmoker

A

same state

homeostasis

43
Q

epigenetics of smoking

A
  • when you are a chronic smoker, changes in over 1000 genes - if parents smoked this could impact your gene expression: memory, mood, how rewarding a drug is, birth defects, and immune system changes
  • the environment changes what genes are active
44
Q

smoking in pregnancy

A
  • can pass through placental barrier - can effect fetus and brain

long lasting deleterious effects on somatic (motor, autonomic, social interactions), and neural behavior development
-dec in birth weight, dec in IQ, heart issues

45
Q

adolescent smoking effects the…

A

PFC!!!!
- attention defecits, impulsivity, inc self administration of abused drugs
underdeveloped PFC until 25

Drugs and Behavior (27 decks)

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