Exam 1: Introduction to Drugs and Behavior

Question 1

___ is an administered chemical substance (not food) that can influence physiological function in order to ___ ___ and ___ physical or mental health

Answer 1

drug

restore, maintain, enhance

Question 2

the study of drugs and their actions and effects on living systems is

Answer 2

pharmacology

Question 3

the study of drug effects on mood, perception, cognition, behavior

Answer 3

psychopharmacology

Question 4

drugs that have effects on mood, perception, cognition, and behavior by acting on the central nervous system !!!

Answer 4

psychoactive drugs

Question 5

is tylenol a psychoactive drug?

Answer 5

no! it does not cross the BBB

Question 6

___% adults in the US take prescription drugs

Answer 6

66

Question 7

___% of people who use illegal drugs prior to age 13 develop substance abuse disorders

Answer 7

70

Question 8

2 ways of using drugs?

Answer 8

instrumental and recreational

Question 9

taking prescribed or over the counter drugs to relieve symptoms
most therapeutic drugs

Answer 9

instrumental drug use

Question 10

drinking coffee to feel awake

take antibiotics for strep throat

Answer 10

examples of instrumental drug use

Question 11

using a drug without medical justification of psychoactive effects for fun
issues related to drug dependence often arise when a drug is used recreationally

Answer 11

recreational drug use

Question 12

legal use: 21 yr old drinking alcohol

illegal use: using LSD to experience perception changes use of drug

Answer 12

recreational drug use

Question 13

generic name

Answer 13

nonproprierty name that classifies a drug in a given category and distinguishes it from other drugs in a category
EX: Ketamine HCl

Question 14

chemical name

Answer 14

details chemical structure per rules set by international Union of Pure and applied chemistry
ex: 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)….

Question 15

trade names

Answer 15

brand name - trade marked name for drug assigned by company that created drug
ex: Ketaset

Question 16

street names

Answer 16

used by individuals who made, use, or sell drugs for recreational use
ex: special K, K, Kit Kat, Vitamin K, Cat Valium

Question 17

non-legend drugs

Answer 17

over the counter drugs

Question 18

legend drugs

Answer 18

approved by the US FDA and state/federal law

• require prescription
• noncontrolled drugs have no potential for abuse (antibiotics, BP meds, insulin)

Question 19

controlled substances

Answer 19

have potential for abuse and regulated by DEA

Question 20

licit drugs

Answer 20

legal drug prescribed by physician

Question 21

illicit drugs

Answer 21

illegal drugs

Question 22

2 types of controlled substances

Answer 22

licit and illicit

Question 23

Schedule of controlled substances

Answer 23

Class 1-5 with Class 1 being most dangerous and most addictive
Class 5 is least dangerous and least addictive

Question 24

List the history of drug laws in chronological order

Answer 24

1. pure food and drug act
2. harrison narcotics act
3. 18th amendment to constitution (prohibition)
4. marijuana tax act
5. presidential commission on narcotics and drug abuse
6. controlled substances act

Question 25

FDA administration created to regulate and enforce labeling ingredients on drugs - no restrictions on drug use just tell ppl what is in things

Answer 25

pure food and drug act

Question 26

passed in response to growing drug abuse problem in US - non medical use of opium and cocaine banned - needed to be prescribed certain drugs in order to get them

Answer 26

harrison narcotics act

Question 27

banned sale and distribution of alcohol | repealed in 1933

Answer 27

18th amendment to constitution (prohibition)

Question 28

marijuana taxed highly effectively criminalized possession/growth of marijuana - how often and how much used had to be reported

Answer 28

marijuana tax act

Question 29

called for congressional support of addiction treatment and start of the "war on drugs"

Answer 29

presidential commission on narcotics and drug abuse

Question 30

created DEA | drug schedules/classes created and regulated by DEA

Answer 30

controlled substances act

Question 31

drug development process

Answer 31

- takes 10-12 yrs to get from lab to patients - cost in successful drug $2.6 billion - drug discovery and development (3-6yrs) - preclinical trials - clinical trials - FDA approval

Question 32

Phases of a clinical trial

Answer 32

4 1,2,3 before the drug is approved for widespread use 4: for long term consequences btwn 3 and 4 is when approval occurs

Question 33

- takes several months - purpose; safety and dosing - participants: 20-80 healthy ppl with NO underlying conditions 70% will move to next phase looks at how the drug interacts with the human body - side effects (at what dose to bad things begin to happen)

Answer 33

phase 1 of clinical trial

Question 34

- several months to 2yrs - purpose: efficacy, dosing, side effects - participants: hundreds of ppl WITH disease 33% drugs move to next phase what dose do you start to see benefits in treatment - if it does not work or it is not better than existing treatments it will not go through to next phase

Answer 34

phase 2 of clinical trial

Question 35

- 1 to 4 yrs - purpose: efficacy and safety - participants: 300-3000 with disease compare drug efficacy to other treatments

Answer 35

phase 3 of clinical trial

Question 36

- purpose: long term safety and efficacy - participants: thousands with the condition - carried out during post-market safety monitoring post approval

Answer 36

phase 4 of clinical trial

Question 37

inactive metabolites

Answer 37

excreted by kidneys or bile

Question 38

active metabolites

Answer 38

returns to blood and has own biological actions in body (psychoactive) - effect can be weaker or stronger than parent drug - wit methamphetamine - parent drug is stronger

Question 39

drugs administered in an inactive form that needs to be metabolized to become active

Answer 39

prodrug

Question 40

factors effecting drug metabolism (3)

Answer 40

drug competition genetic polymorphisms age,sex,nutrient levels

Question 41

elevated levels of one drug reduce metabolism of the second, causing potentially toxic levels ex: alcohol and valium both compete for cytochromep450 (when taken together effects increase)

Answer 41

drug competition

Question 42

contribute to variety in metabolism | caused by changes in DNA

Answer 42

genetic polymorphism | ex: some asians getting "asian glow" and vomiting with alcohol

Question 42

contribute to variety in metabolism | caused by changes in DNA

Answer 42

genetic polymorphism | ex: some asians getting "asian glow" and vomiting with alcohol

Question 43

the last pharmacokinetic step

Answer 43

excretion

Question 44

ways drugs can be excreted (6)

Answer 44

sweat, feces, saliva, breath, breast milk, urine

Question 45

kidney function

Answer 45

filter water soluble materials from blood unless large or bound to plasma proteins excreted as urine (common route)

Question 46

drug elimination from the blood is usually through ______

Answer 46

first-order kinetics constant fraction removed, exponential

Question 47

the more drug present...

Answer 47

the faster you metabolize it

Question 48

amount of time required to remove 50% of the drug from the blood

Answer 48

half life

Question 49

some drugs eliminated according to____

Answer 49

zero order kinetics

Question 50

drug is cleared at a constant rate regardless of amount of drug consumed or concentration of drug in blood linear ex: alcohol

Answer 50

zero order kinetics