Exam 3: Alcohol Part 3 Flashcards
physiological symptoms of acute alcohol use
non-stop peeing: vasopressin inhibition - inc urine output when BAC rising
flushed skin: peripheral dilator- skin feels warm and turns red but actual dec in core T
drunk munchies: reduced leptin
disrupts REM sleep
impairs memory- reduced glutamate
hangover - Ach build up
BAC 0.02-0.03
mood elevation
slight muscle relaxation
BAC 0.05-0.06
re;axation and warmth
inc rxn time
dec fine muscle coordination and alertness
BAC 0.08-0.09
cannot operate vehicle
impaired balance, speech, vision, hearing, muscle coordination
euphoria, exaggerated emotions
BAC .14-.15
loss of judgement - poor decisions
BAC 0.2-0.3
blackout drunk
severly intoxicated, conscious but unaware of surroundings
BAC 0.4-0.5
unconscious, deep coma, death from respiratory depression
NEVER take _____ with alcohol
tylenol!!
liver damage
when alcohol taken with _______ the cumulative effects are greater
benzodiazepines
barbiturates
opiates
marijuana
what does alcohol decrease effects of
antibiotics
anticonvulsants
anticoagulants
MAO inhibitors
what increases the effects of alcohol
oral contraceptives - hormonal birth control
characteristics of hangovers
-symptoms begin when BAC drops significantly r is near/at zero
fatigue and weakness, excessive thirst, dry mouth, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, dec sleep, inc sensitivity to light and sound, dizziness, shakiness
what can cause hangovers
acute withdrawal
accumulations of acetylaldehyde and or acetate
diret effects of alcohol
other chemicals in alcoholic beverages
types of tolerance associated with alcohol use
acute metabolic pharmacodynamic behavioral cross - with other drugs
occurs within single exposure to alcohol
drug effects greater while BAC rising and smaller when it is falling
acute tolerance
inc in CYP450 liver microsomal enzymes that metabolize the alcohol
less intoxicated bc lower concentrations
metabolic tolerance
neurons adapt to the continued presence of alcohol by making compensatory changes in cell function
inc NMDA receptors
dec GABA A receptors
pharmacodynamic tolerance
dangers of heavy alcohol use
cardiovascular disease
liver cirrhosis: scarring (swelling, infections, malnutrition, hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, bone disease, inc risk of liver cancer
wernicke-korsakoff’s syndrome
thiamine (B1) deficiency
caused by damage to mamillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus, frontal cortex
anterograde amnesia - cannot form new memories
alcohol prevents absorption of B1
alcohol withdrawal syndrome
8-10 hrs: anxiety, insomnia, nausea, abdominal pain
1-3 days: high BP, inc T
1 week: seizures and DTs
kindling
Delirium tremens (DTs)
usually strat 2-5 days after last drink - can be fatal
symptoms: shaking, confusion high BP, fever, seizures, agitation, hallucinations
kindling
inc glutamate and reduced GABA during withdrawal leads to seizure activity
psychological factors - alcohol use disorder (AUD)
-response to stress
(it relieves subjective effects of stress but also activates stress in brain)
-high comorbidity of anxiety disorders and AUD
stress early in life is risk for alcohol abuse as adult
ethanol sensitivity schuckit
men who later developed AUD showed reduced response to alcohol for each
-low response rate increased risk for AUD fourfold regardless of family history
ppl who metabolize it faster are more likely to have AUD
5 treatment methods
detoxification, psychosocial rehabilitation, pharmacotherapeutic, disulfiram, naltrexone
detoxification
benzodiazepines like librium or valium are given to prevent alochol withdrawal symptoms
inc GABA function
psychosocial rehabilitation
programs to prevent relapse
- individual and group therapy
- residential alcohol-free treatment settings
- self help groups like AA
pharmacotherapeutic treatment
2 strategies: making drinking unpleasant and reduce alcohol’s reinforcing qualities
disulfiram
inhibits ALDH (converts acetaldehyde to acetic acid) - drinking even an ounze of alcohol results in vomiting, nausea
naltrexone
opioid receptor antagonist
reduces alcohol consumption and improves abstinence rates
reduces positive feeling and subjective high by blocking endorphin release
