Exam 1: Pharmacology

Question 1

specified amount of medication/substance administered at one time
amount of drug per body weight (mg/kg)
- achieve EQUAL blood concentration of drug

Answer 1

dose

Question 2

amount, number, and frequency of doses over a specific period

Answer 2

dosage

Question 3

specific molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to target site/receptor

• physically in body
• more or less likely an action potential would occur
• inc or dec in a neurotransmitter

Answer 3

drug actions

Question 4

alterations in physiological or psychological functions

• effects of drug depend on dose
• in general as dose inc effects inc to maximum effect and then effects decrease

Answer 4

drug effects

Question 5

pharmacokinetics

Answer 5

what the body does to drugs
how drugs are absorbed by and pass through the body
ADME
(absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

Question 6

bioavailability

Answer 6

• amount of drug in blood free to bind at target sites
• factors affecting drug’s action in body, excluding the chemical structure of the drug
• pH and where it is absorbed from, age, gender, fast distribution

Question 7

absorption

Answer 7

movement of drug from site of administration to circulatory system

• not all will be absorbed
• need to get to bloodstream to be psychoactive
• absorbed at diff rates - speed can alter strength of drug effects

Question 8

rate of absorption into blood stream and bioavailability depend on _____

Answer 8

route of administration

- path drug takes into body

Question 9

enteral route

Answer 9

passes through GI tract
oral, rectal administration
generally slow to be absorbed and produces variable concentrations of drug in the blood

Question 10

parenteral route

Answer 10

injection, pulmonary, topical administration

avoids GI tract

Question 11

enteral administration: oral

Answer 11

drug dissolves in stomach fluids, passes through stomach wall to reach capillaries

• drug must be resistant to stomach acid, enzymes
• first pass metabolism

Question 12

enteral administration: rectal

Answer 12

inserting drug directly into rectum (suppositories)

AVOIDS first pass metabolism

Question 13

first pass metabolism

Answer 13

• liver essential for processing/filtering substances consumed orally
• dugs absorbed by gut are carried directly to liver via portal vein
• liver breaks down some of drug before released to circulation

like squid games red light green light

Question 14

parenteral administration - types

Answer 14

Injections: - Intravenous (IV)

• Intramuscular (IM)
• Subcutaneous (SC)

inhalation
topical
intranasal

Question 15

Intravenous injection

Answer 15

injected directly into vein
drug immediately enters bloodstream, reaches brain in seconds - super fast and accurate
danger: hard to correct if give too much of the drug - little time to fix since it acts so fast

Question 16

intramuscular injection

Answer 16

injected into muscle

upper arm, thigh buttocks

Question 17

subcutaneous injection

Answer 17

injection into space beneath skin before it hits the muscle

- slower than IV - longer period of absorption

Question 18

inhalation

Answer 18

fast like IV
absorbed by the lungs - to some extent the muscous membranes of mouth, throat, nose

rapid absorption because lungs have large SA and many capillaries!!!

drug effect is rapid

Question 19

topical

Answer 19

drug applied to the mucous membranes
- mostly local effects but can get into bloodstream
transdermal!!! - through the skin, usually patches (hormones, nicotine, pain killers)

Question 20

sublingual administration

Answer 20

drug placed under the tongue
- let it dissolve
- avoids gastric acid, enzymes, and first pass metabolism
(does not lose any of the drug’s ability to act)

Question 21

intranasal

Answer 21

nasal passage contains mucosal membranes that can absorb drugs into capillaries like sublingual or transdermal routes

• avoids 1st pass metabolism, bypasses BBB!!! - allows high brain concentration
• snorting things, nasal sprays

Question 22

What does the route of administration effect?

Answer 22

the rate of absorption and blood levels of the drug

- each method has advantages and disadvantages

Question 23

Factors that effect the drug absorption process (5)

Answer 23

• lipid solubility
• active transport
• ionization
• rate of GI emptying
• size and sex of individual

Question 24

degree to which a substance dissolves in fat

Answer 24

lipid solubility

Question 25

consumes energy but can move larger molecules and work against concentration gradient - allows drugs to build up in someone's system

Answer 25

active transport

Question 26

pH alters drug solubility acidic drugs absorbed better in acidic environments alkaline drugs absorbed better in alkaline environments

Answer 26

ionization

Question 27

small intestine has large SA, substances move through it slowly - greater absorption than in the stomach

Answer 27

rate of GI emptying

Question 28

process through which the bloodstream carries drug to site of action must penetrate membranes

Answer 28

distribution

Question 29

amount of drug that can have action on targets | effected by distribution

Answer 29

bioavailability

Question 30

selectively permeable membrane that separates the blood supply from direct contact with brain tissue - prevents most pathogens and toxins from entering brain - regulates entry of nutrients into brain

Answer 30

BBB

Question 31

what can easily cross the BBB

Answer 31

- lipid soluble substances, certain gases (NO), water

Question 32

what can not easily cross BBB

Answer 32

large molecules and ones with high electrical charge

Question 33

components of BBB

Answer 33

- endothelial cells - astrocytes - pericytes

Question 34

line inside of blood vessels avoiding edges fuse to form tight junctions that prevent flow of most substances into and out of both - "walls of a castle"

Answer 34

endothelial cells

Question 35

glial cells responsible for formation and maintenance of BBB wrap around endothelial cells to restrict entry of pathogens release secretion factors to maintain tight junctions

Answer 35

astrocytes

Question 36

wrap around endothelial cells contract to regulate blood flow speed at which drugs move through circulatory system

Answer 36

pericytes

Question 37

not as strong as BBB placenta fat diffuses through placental barrier quickly teratogens

Answer 37

placental barrier

Question 38

stimuli that cause developmental abnormalities in fetus (drugs, xrays) inc susceptibility in 1st trimester

Answer 38

teratogens

Question 39

non-specific binding - proteins in blood, fat, bones | drugs stuck in these cannot reach active sites or be metabolized by liver

Answer 39

drug depots

Question 40

what does depot binding effect

Answer 40

magnitude and duration of drug action - reduces bioavailability - delays drugs effects - varies across people can result in drugs staying in body for prolonged periods of time - THC

Question 41

drug broken down into metabolites by enzymes

Answer 41

biotransformation - metabolism

Question 42

main site for metabolism | makes drugs more water soluble

Answer 42

liver

Question 43

main enzyme family responsible for breaking down psychoactive drugs

Answer 43

cytochrome p450s

Question 44

repeated use of a drug increases number of enzyme molecules and speeds biotransformation - speeds transformation of other drugs that enzyme acts on reducing effects - drugs lose effectiveness with repeated use

Answer 44

enzyme induction

Question 45

a drug may inhibit n enzyme, which reduces metabolism of other drugs - effects more intense or prolonged, toxicity is possible

Answer 45

enzyme inhibition