Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Drugs and Behavior > Exam 1: Pharmacology > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

specified amount of medication/substance administered at one time
amount of drug per body weight (mg/kg)
- achieve EQUAL blood concentration of drug

A

dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

amount, number, and frequency of doses over a specific period

A

dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

specific molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to target site/receptor

  • physically in body
  • more or less likely an action potential would occur
  • inc or dec in a neurotransmitter
A

drug actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

alterations in physiological or psychological functions

  • effects of drug depend on dose
  • in general as dose inc effects inc to maximum effect and then effects decrease
A

drug effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to drugs
how drugs are absorbed by and pass through the body
ADME
(absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bioavailability

A
  • amount of drug in blood free to bind at target sites
  • factors affecting drug’s action in body, excluding the chemical structure of the drug
  • pH and where it is absorbed from, age, gender, fast distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

absorption

A

movement of drug from site of administration to circulatory system

  • not all will be absorbed
  • need to get to bloodstream to be psychoactive
  • absorbed at diff rates - speed can alter strength of drug effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

rate of absorption into blood stream and bioavailability depend on _____

A

route of administration

- path drug takes into body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

enteral route

A

passes through GI tract
oral, rectal administration
generally slow to be absorbed and produces variable concentrations of drug in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parenteral route

A

injection, pulmonary, topical administration

avoids GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

enteral administration: oral

A

drug dissolves in stomach fluids, passes through stomach wall to reach capillaries

  • drug must be resistant to stomach acid, enzymes
  • first pass metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enteral administration: rectal

A

inserting drug directly into rectum (suppositories)

AVOIDS first pass metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

first pass metabolism

A
  • liver essential for processing/filtering substances consumed orally
  • dugs absorbed by gut are carried directly to liver via portal vein
  • liver breaks down some of drug before released to circulation

like squid games red light green light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parenteral administration - types

A

Injections: - Intravenous (IV)

  • Intramuscular (IM)
  • Subcutaneous (SC)

inhalation
topical
intranasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intravenous injection

A

injected directly into vein
drug immediately enters bloodstream, reaches brain in seconds - super fast and accurate
danger: hard to correct if give too much of the drug - little time to fix since it acts so fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

intramuscular injection

A

injected into muscle

upper arm, thigh buttocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

subcutaneous injection

A

injection into space beneath skin before it hits the muscle

- slower than IV - longer period of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

inhalation

A

fast like IV
absorbed by the lungs - to some extent the muscous membranes of mouth, throat, nose

rapid absorption because lungs have large SA and many capillaries!!!

drug effect is rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

topical

A

drug applied to the mucous membranes
- mostly local effects but can get into bloodstream
transdermal!!! - through the skin, usually patches (hormones, nicotine, pain killers)

20
Q

sublingual administration

A

drug placed under the tongue
- let it dissolve
- avoids gastric acid, enzymes, and first pass metabolism
(does not lose any of the drug’s ability to act)

21
Q

intranasal

A

nasal passage contains mucosal membranes that can absorb drugs into capillaries like sublingual or transdermal routes

  • avoids 1st pass metabolism, bypasses BBB!!! - allows high brain concentration
  • snorting things, nasal sprays
22
Q

What does the route of administration effect?

A

the rate of absorption and blood levels of the drug

- each method has advantages and disadvantages

23
Q

Factors that effect the drug absorption process (5)

A
  • lipid solubility
  • active transport
  • ionization
  • rate of GI emptying
  • size and sex of individual
24
Q

degree to which a substance dissolves in fat

A

lipid solubility

25
Q

consumes energy but can move larger molecules and work against concentration gradient
- allows drugs to build up in someone’s system

A

active transport

26
Q

pH alters drug solubility
acidic drugs absorbed better in acidic environments
alkaline drugs absorbed better in alkaline environments

A

ionization

27
Q

small intestine has large SA, substances move through it slowly
- greater absorption than in the stomach

A

rate of GI emptying

28
Q

process through which the bloodstream carries drug to site of action
must penetrate membranes

A

distribution

29
Q

amount of drug that can have action on targets

effected by distribution

A

bioavailability

30
Q

selectively permeable membrane that separates the blood supply from direct contact with brain tissue

  • prevents most pathogens and toxins from entering brain
  • regulates entry of nutrients into brain
A

BBB

31
Q

what can easily cross the BBB

A
  • lipid soluble substances, certain gases (NO), water
32
Q

what can not easily cross BBB

A

large molecules and ones with high electrical charge

33
Q

components of BBB

A
  • endothelial cells
  • astrocytes
  • pericytes
34
Q

line inside of blood vessels avoiding edges fuse to form tight junctions that prevent flow of most substances into and out of both
- “walls of a castle”

A

endothelial cells

35
Q

glial cells responsible for formation and maintenance of BBB
wrap around endothelial cells to restrict entry of pathogens
release secretion factors to maintain tight junctions

A

astrocytes

36
Q

wrap around endothelial cells
contract to regulate blood flow
speed at which drugs move through circulatory system

A

pericytes

37
Q

not as strong as BBB
placenta
fat diffuses through placental barrier quickly
teratogens

A

placental barrier

38
Q

stimuli that cause developmental abnormalities in fetus (drugs, xrays)
inc susceptibility in 1st trimester

A

teratogens

39
Q

non-specific binding - proteins in blood, fat, bones

drugs stuck in these cannot reach active sites or be metabolized by liver

A

drug depots

40
Q

what does depot binding effect

A

magnitude and duration of drug action

  • reduces bioavailability - delays drugs effects
  • varies across people

can result in drugs staying in body for prolonged periods of time - THC

41
Q

drug broken down into metabolites by enzymes

A

biotransformation - metabolism

42
Q

main site for metabolism

makes drugs more water soluble

A

liver

43
Q

main enzyme family responsible for breaking down psychoactive drugs

A

cytochrome p450s

44
Q

repeated use of a drug increases number of enzyme molecules and speeds biotransformation

  • speeds transformation of other drugs that enzyme acts on reducing effects
  • drugs lose effectiveness with repeated use
A

enzyme induction

45
Q

a drug may inhibit n enzyme, which reduces metabolism of other drugs
- effects more intense or prolonged, toxicity is possible

A

enzyme inhibition

Drugs and Behavior (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions