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Fungi And Civilizations > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Fusiform Rust

A
  • Growths on stems, branches, leaves, needles, cones
  • obligate parasites
  • Native
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2
Q

6 Fields of Mushroom mountain

A
  1. Cultivation
    - octanol=mushroom alcohol
    - African nightcrawlers eating and making worm castings
  2. Extraction
    - ethanol extraction of medicinal fungi
    - Cordyceps militaris attacks insects
  3. Medical
  4. Mycoremediation
  5. Agricultural
  6. Non-profit
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3
Q

Transmission of fungi that causes Systemic Mycoses

A
  • May result from breathing in the spores of fungi, living in the soil or on rotting vegetation
  • Patients who are immuno-compromised are more predisposed, but they can develop in healthy patients
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4
Q

Dutch Elm Disease

A
  • first identified in N.A
  • caused by a fungus that had 2 asexual and a sexual stage with another fungus
  • the interaction of the pathogen with elm bark beetles causes the spread of vectors for this disease
  • first symptom was when leaves on individual trees droop and turn yellow, called “flagging”
  • another symptom was a brown ring of discolored wood
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5
Q

What happens when fungus clogs the vascular system and beetles infect?

A
  • dutch elm disease fungus and beetle
  • Symptoms are Wilting, curling and yellowing of leaves in upper portion of tree
  • Roots of elms often fuse together, this is called a graft.
  • The fungus can spread through the roots and fuse them together
  • this will cause the tree to wilt and die rapidly from the base upward
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6
Q

Lignin

A
  • provides structure (cubes) of wood, not strength
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7
Q

Where were potatoes originally grown?

A
  • Spaniards found them in South america
  • brought them home to European lands
  • easy to grow, could grow anywhere and in bulk
  • popular in poorer areas like Ireland
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8
Q

Fungal infections that causes Systemic mycoses

A
  1. Histoplasma capsulatum (causing histoplasmosis)
  2. Coccidioides immitis (causing coccidioidomycosis)
  3. Blastomyces dermatitidis (causing blastomycosis)
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9
Q

Ganoderma root and butt rot Characteristics

A
  • Parasitic on living hardwoods (especially oaks)
  • Saprotropic on the deadwood of hardwoods
  • Cause a white butt and root rot
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10
Q

Fungal infections that causes superficial/cutaneous mycoses

A
  1. Athlete’s foot
  2. Jock itch
  3. Ringworm
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11
Q

Madura foot

A
  • Eumycetoma infection
  • Causes by fungi or actinomycetes (bacteria that resemble fungi)
  • Mainly affects the foot
  • “Mycetoma Pedis”
  • Endemic in Tropical and subtropical regions
  • Africa, India, Central America, and South America
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12
Q

Tree Decay Terminology

A
  1. Top rot
    - usually resulting from top breakage or top kill
  2. Stem or trunk rot
  3. Butt rot
    - decay at the base of the tree
  4. Root Rot
    - decay of roots
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13
Q

Where does the fungus grow and what happens in athlete’s foot?

A
  • Fungus grows in superficial layer of the skin
  • In response the basal layer of the skin produces more skin cells than usual
  • skin becomes thick and scaly as these cells push to the surface
  • starts in the webbing between the fourth and fifth toes
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14
Q

Prevention of mycoses infections

A
  • Good hygiene is essential
  • keep the skin dry, fungi survive in damp and warm places.
  • Never share personal items (clothing, hair combs, towels, or linens)
  • Treat open wounds immediately and cover with gauze
  • Avoid exposure from contaminated areas (poultry, farms and bat caves)
  • When necessary, wear protective clothing, gloves, dust masks, or respirators to avoid contact or inhalation of these infectious organisms
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15
Q

Yeast infection, or Candidiasis Characteristics

A
  • The pathogen, Candida albicans are normal inhabitants on skin and mucous membranes, kept in check by bacteria, microorganisms
  • Candida can grow out of control due to certain illnesses, stress, medications that disturb the delicate balance
  • vaginal yeast infection more common than male infections
  • Treat with topical antifungal (fungicides)drugs
  • “Candida diet”
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16
Q

Systemic Mycoses

A
  • develops when a fungus invades the internal organs (or systems)
  • where Candida is carried throughout the body in the blood
  • are extremely difficult to treat, particularly in immunocompromised patients
  • of all the fungus caused disease systemic pathogens pose the greatest threats
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17
Q

Sporotrichosis

A
  • mycotic disease of skin
  • subcutaneous disease
  • results from a soil fungus that penetrates the skin through a wound
  • “rose picker’s disease“
  • In very rare cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body
  • The disease can infect the bones, joints, lungs, and brain
  • Such spreading usually occurs only in people with a weakened immune system
  • can be life threatening and difficult to treat
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18
Q

Fusarium Banana Blight

A
  • Colonizes the soil, then enters banana plants through the roots
  • Plant rots from inside out
  • “The HIV of banana plantations”
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19
Q

Bondarzewia berkeleyi

A
  • Berkley’s Polypore
  • causes a butt rot of living trees
  • parasitic to saprotrophic
  • ‘edible’ when young
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20
Q

Ganoderma applanatum

A
  • Saprotrophic to parasitic
  • causes white rot
  • Butt rot, logs
  • On hardwoods and conifers
  • Perennial growth
  • applanatum = “flattened” refers to the flat, shelf-like appearance (applanate)
  • Poses a hazard!
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21
Q

Fompitopsis officinalis

A
  • the quinine conch
  • used by indigenous peoples of the PNW
  • administered medicinally
  • treatment of tuberculosis
  • rot on all areas of the wood but the smallest branches of host tree
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22
Q

Annosus, or Heterobasidion Root Rot

A
  • considered most economically important forest pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere
  • esp. with monocultures, intensive thinning
  • root rotter
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23
Q

Pathogens of plant crops (not trees) and why they are important to humans.

A
  1. Powdery Mildew of Grapes
  2. Downy mildew of grapes
  3. late blight of potatoes
  4. ergot of rye
  5. rusts
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24
Q

How did the pathogen Phytophthora infestans affect the Germans

A
  • wiped out bumper crop because Kaiser had all surplus potatoes stored
  • blighted potatoes in warm storage caused all to rot
  • stench vacations
  • no copper to spray, used shells for cases
  • their fields were infected, they starved and then were defeated
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25
Q

Types of Wood decay

A
  1. White rot

2. Brown rot

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26
Q

Superficial/Cutaneous Mycoses

A
  • infection of outer layer of skin, the nails and hair due to their ability to utilize keratin
    ex: Dermatophytes
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27
Q

What species of fungi rot wood

A
  • basidiomycetes
    1. Polypore mushrooms (basidiomycetes)
  • rigid bracket mushrooms
  • shelf fungus that grows on wood
  • conks (pores instead of teeth)
  • Spores produced on underside, often in pores/tubes
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28
Q

Candida albicans

A
  • cause candidiasis, or a yeast infection(mycotic disease)
  • a pathogen that is a normal inhabitant of the body
  • most important disease agent of the Saccharomycetales
  • seldom isolated outside the bodies of animals
  • known from 58 species including wild and domesticated mammals and birds
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29
Q

How Civilization has affected Panama Disease

A
  • Civilization plays a BIG role in the end of bananas
  • We desire consistency, and the market makes clones
  • Clones do not allow for genetic diversity
  • Cultural practices are also to blame
  • Farmers often re-use equipment
  • Water drainage facilities are shared between hundreds of plants
  • Disease spreads fast in water
  • Bananas have been planted as a monoculture (cultivation of a single crop in a given area)
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30
Q

Jethro Tull

A
  • “Smuttiness is when the grains of wheat, instead of flour, are full of a black stinking powder”
  • made a comment on smut of wheat
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31
Q

Why were the Irish reliant on potatoes?

A
  • farmers were poor, Irish peasants relied heavily on them

- only crop they could grow to feed themselves

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32
Q

Mushroom Mountain functions

A
  1. Mushroom Cultivation and Research
  2. Mycroremediation
    - Trials and prototypes for removing biological and chemical pollutants from soil and water
  3. Mycotechnology
    - Biological Textiles(mycotextiles=biorubber), Mycopesticides, Novel Antibiotics and Fungal Enzymes
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33
Q

Rust

A
  • One of the most destructive group of plant pathogens
  • Biotroph/obligate parasites
  • One of earliest record of plant disease
  • Affect all groups of plants, ancient
  • Among important crops: pines, cereals, coffee, soybean
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34
Q

Wrath of grapes

- cause, originated

A
  • cause was “powdery mildews”
  • first time the grape powdery mildew most likely originated in North America, where it was common on wild grapes came from stock shipped to Europe for hybridization experiments
  • second time a fungus pathogen also from North America shipped to Europe for insect pest resistance experiments caused “downy mildew”
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35
Q

Mycoremediation

A
  • ecological restoration using fungi
  • When mycelium runs out of a nutrient source it activates specific enzymes expressed to degrade many man made persistant pollutants, can be trained to break down different things such as motor oil
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36
Q

Transmission of fungi that cause superficial/cutaneous mycoses

A
  1. Direct contact with infected host (human or animal)
  2. Direct or indirect contact with infected exfoliated skin or hair in combs, hair brushes, clothing, furniture, theatre seats, caps, bed linens, towels, hotel rugs, and locker room floors (wear flip-flops)
    - Depending on the species the organism may be viable in the environment for up to 15 months
    - Increased susceptibility to infection when there is a preexisting injury to the skin such as scars, burns, excessive temperature, and humidity.
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37
Q

Trichophyton spp.

A
  • Anthrophilic
  • causes ringworm fungus on different parts of the body
  • appears worldwide on scalp, body “shower sites”, occasionally
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38
Q

Transmission of fungi that causes Subcutaneous Mycoses

A
  • Fungi enter the skin and subcutaneous tissue as a result of traumatic implantation or contamination of open wounds
  • Common type of subcutaneous mycosis seen worldwide is sporotrichosis
  • Many fungi common soils inhabitants. More commonly problems where people do no wear shoes
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39
Q

Mycoses

A
  • fungal diseases of animals

- fungi with enzymes that are capable of utilizing human flesh or body fluids to nourish their own growth

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40
Q

Why is the banana blight such a problem?

A
  • Bananas are a monoculture
  • All Cavendish bananas are a clone, which makes them very susceptible to disease
  • It can be spread via contaminated soil equipment (machinery, tools, etc.)
  • People in poorer countries rely on bananas as a main component of their diets
  • The end of bananas would also lead to starvation, much like the Irish Potato Famine
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41
Q

Most wanted mushrooms of america

A
  1. oyster

2. Parasol

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42
Q

Graft

A
  • when roots of elms fuse together, caused by the fungus spreading through the roots
  • if infected through root grafts
  • trees wilt and die rapidly
  • Disease progresses from base upward
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43
Q

The Egyptians and Israelites relationship because of Rust

A
  • Egyptians stored enough grains to get through the lean years, but the tribes of Israel did not have enough when there was crop failure no wheat alternative (wheat rust)
  • Israelites moved to Egypt in search of food, at first welcomed but has years passed were scorned and subjected to brutal oppression
  • Eventually they escaped into the desert under Moses leadership
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44
Q

Mycofiltration of contaminated water

A
  • Percolating water through stacked modules needed to increase filtration properties based on lab results
  • using fungi as biological filtration (water filter)
  • fungi make micronfilter that is self healing and can stop the spread of microorganisms such as E coli
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45
Q

Potato blight disease

A
  • Ireland was very reliant on potatoes and there was less growth of them
  • caused huge famine in Ireland because England taxed them and took their food while they starved
  • eventually US began giving them staple crop of corn, but their digestive systems were not used to it and it took painful weeks to readjust
  • caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans
46
Q

Beneficial role of wood decay

A
  1. Stand openings due to root and butt rots
    - favors regeneration
  2. Wild-life habitat
    - provide food and homes
  3. Nutrient cycling
  4. Food source
    - lions mane or chicken of the woods
  5. Medicinal and cultural uses
    - the basidiocarps of a large number of species of wood decay fungi are used medicinally
    - Ganoderma lucidum - Ling Chi, Reishi
    - up to 12 species of Phellinus have been used in herbal medicine
47
Q

History of Rust

A
  • the Romans created the gods “Robigo” and “Robigus” to protect wheat from the wheat leaf rust fungus, which has reddish-colored spores.
  • The Robigalia festival was held in April to protect the fields from this disease.
48
Q

Anton DeBary

A
  • found the cause of the potato blight agent Phytophthora infestans
  • fungus survived as hyphae in previously infected tubers (potatoes) and plant parts
49
Q

Two most catastrophic tree diseases

A
  1. Chestnut Blight
  2. Dutch Elm Disease
    - both introduced to North America on plant material from other parts of the world
50
Q

Heart rot

A
  • decay in living trees
  • decay that develops primarily in the heartwood or inner wood of living trees.
  • eventually arrive at heart wood where they can weaken tree
  • increases susceptibility of wind throws
  • some heart-rot and butt rot fungi can eventually attack functional vascular tissue
51
Q

Insect Vector

A
  1. Native elm bark beetle
  2. European elm bark beetle
    - Beetles create galleries and when they do they inoculate fungus into the tree where it grows, and then it provides food for the beetle larvae
    - Fungus clogs up vascular system
52
Q

TMDLs

A
  • Standards for Determining Loading Capacity

- The greatest amount of a pollutant that a water can assimilate and still meet water quality standards

53
Q

Tinea barbae

A
  • ringworm of the beard
54
Q

First fusarium banana infection

A
  • Cavendish bananas
55
Q

Laetiporus species

A
  • ‘chicken of the woods’
  • overlapping caps
  • pores on underside
  • no stalk
  • attached to wood
  • saprotrophic to weakly parasitic
  • Fruiting bodies do not appear until well after the fungus has attacked the tree
  • Infected trees very prone to wind breakage even before the fungus begins to form fruiting structures and should be removed at the first sign of infection.
  • rot on all areas of the wood but the smallest branches of host tree
56
Q

Chicago Disease Blatomycosis

A
  • caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • A chronic skin infection that erodes the skin surface
  • Common in the eastern and central U.S. and in Africa
  • Often found in decaying wood and abandoned buildings
  • Begins as a lung infection caused by inhalation of the conidia
  • The conidia transform into the yeast form, where they can lead to abscesses in the lung
57
Q

Significance of wearing shoes

A
  • Wearing shoes can help prevent foot diseases, and the long-term physical and cognitive harm they cause
  • Many times children cannot attend school because shoes are a required part of their uniform
  • With shoes they are given the chance to reach their full potential
58
Q

Clinical Categories of Mycoses

A
  1. Superficial/Cutaneous
  2. Subcutaneous
  3. Systemic
59
Q

Sporotrichosis transmission sites and fungi that causes it

A
  • fungus found on rose thorns, hay, sphagnum moss, twigs, and soil
  • Often occurs in gardeners, farmers, others in direct contact with soil
  • Chronic infection caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii through wounds, cannot penetrate intact skin
  • common injury by gardeners is prick by rose thorn
60
Q

What rust is affecting today?

A
  • Another type of rust on wheat is threatening the world
  • wheat stem rust, specifically strain Ug99,
  • first detected in Uganda, Africa.
  • It has spread to areas where the plants have little resistance to the pathogen/ fungus.
61
Q

Coccidioidomycosis Valley Fever

A
  • caused by fungus Coccidioides immitis
  • Soil fungus that can produce cold-like respiratory disease, flu-like and recoverable, not serious
  • It can grow in the lung and lead to infections throughout the body, inhalation of spores
  • May spread to brain, bone, esp in suppressed immune systems, African-Americans
  • In the U.S. it occurs almost exclusively in the Southwest
  • desert areas throughout the western hemisphere
  • known as Valley fever because in US very common in San Joaquin valley of California
  • Endemic in NA, SA where arid, in soil, infects animals thus constant inoculum, outbreaks where soil disturbed
  • Occupational hazards are in those occupations in the exposure to soil dust
  • Must inhale copious amount of spores
  • Symptoms are variable, but often the patient has a reaction to the circulating fungus, producing reddening of the skin known as “desert bumps”
62
Q

Brown Rot

A
  • Cellulose and hemicellulose are selectively removed by fungus, lignin is slightly modified(virtually untouched)
  • Wood becomes dark and cubical, reddish brown to golden brown color due to the residual lignin
  • Brown rot fungi comprise 10% of all wood-decay fungi
  • 80% of brown rot fungi occur on conifers
63
Q

Why do the British drink tea?

A
  • Coffee has been a popular beverage in Europe
  • But, in the 1800s, the fungal disease “coffee rust” devastated the British coffee plantations in Ceylon(now Sri Lanka)
  • British switched to growing and drinking tea
64
Q

Fungus

A
  • imported pathogen
  • Both sexual and asexual state have spores that are formed in sticky masses so they stick to insects for dispersal
  • asexual spores
  • asci with ascospores
65
Q

Root Rotters species

A
  1. Ganoderma lucidum

2. Heterobasison annosum

66
Q

Why are bananas important?

A
  • Bananas are a staple food, all around the world.

- In poorer countries, bananas constitute a large portion of daily caloric intake

67
Q

Inonotus dryadeus

A
  1. Inonotus means “fibrous” (ino-) and “ear-like” (ot-)
  2. dryadeus means “oak” (dryad-)
    - Widely distributed on oak, elm, and maple
    - common at bases of older, living oaks
    - parasitic
    - will decrease tree health over time, thin crown from degraded roots
    - weakens the tree and may lead to a more serious butt rot
68
Q

Root and Butt Rot Spreading

A
  • Root rot pathogens spread through mycelia across root contacts or by wind-blown spores
69
Q

Madura foot transmission and symptoms

A
  • Fungi usually present in the soil, enters through a wound
  • Usually acquired while performing agricultural work
  • Generally afflicts men between 20 and 40 years old
  • Infects subcutaneous tissues
  • Normally starts in the foot or hand and moves up the leg or arm
  • Results in destruction, deformity and loss of function
  • Occasionally fatal
70
Q

Ganoderma lucidum

A
  • Reishi or Lingzhi
  • causes white rot
  • Saprotrophic, on dead, decaying plant material
  • Annual growth
  • Ganoderma = having a “shiny or lustrous skin“
71
Q

The Disease Triangle

A
  • when all three are optimal disease will occur
    1. Susceptible host
    2. Pathogen
    3. Favorable Environment
72
Q

Spreading of banana blight

A
  • Panama Blight has spread into Asia, Australia, Africa, and across the Middle East
  • At this rate, it will ultimately end up in Latin America, the largest producer of bananas in the world, home to both Dole and Chiquita fruit companies
73
Q

Fungal infections that causes Subcutaneous Mycoses

A
  1. Sporotrichosis

2. Eumycetoma or “Madura Foot”

74
Q

Human Pathogens

A
  • most people harbor a yeast(s) as part of our normal intestinal and urogenital mycota
  • may result in severe infection; even systemic (candidiasis)
75
Q

Stinking smut of wheat

A
  • wheat smut was second only to rust as cereal crop destroyers, reduced yields up to 50%
  • Called stinking smut because infected grains smell fishy
  • To salvage infected grain, molasses added to cover dark color and ginger used to mask color
  • smell and taste = gingersnaps!
76
Q

What made the Cavendish bananas the #1 banana?

A
  • The Cavendish has been the #1 banana ever since “Tropical Race 4” wiped out the Gros Michel
77
Q

How to control the downy mildew of grapes?

A
  • first fungicide was developed

- noticed lush, disease-free grapes and sprayed them with a mixture of copper sulfate and lime (Bordeaux mixture)

78
Q

Chestnut Blight Pathogen

A
  • caused by fungus pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica
  • introduced in the NY Zoological Garden in the Bronx (Herman Merkel found odd cankers on the Am Chestnut trees in the park)
  • rapid and sudden death of many branches stems and trees
  • asexual and sexual reproduction via ascospores
  • was the beginning of the end for American Chestnut trees in North American forests!
  • major forest tree(Am chestnuts) had been reduced to multiple-stemmed forest shrub
  • to cope with disease breed blight resistant oriental chestnuts with american chestnuts to get hybrids that grow like american but have blight resistance (backcrossing)
  • no control attempts (chemical treatments, clearing, burning infection sites) were successful
79
Q

Blake Mycoskie

A
  • Blake befriended children in Argentina and found they had no shoes to protect their feet.
  • He created TOMS Shoes and the One for One program to help these children
  • For every pair of shoes bought a pair is donated to a child in need
  • As of April 2018, TOMS has given over 75,000,000 pairs of new shoes to children in need around the world
80
Q

Panama Disease

A
  • Fungus Fusarium oxysporum
  • phylum: Ascomycota
  • infects the roots of banana plants
  • Clogs the xylem, causing leaves to wilt and the plant to rot
81
Q

Leading cause of diseases in developing countries

A
  • soil-transmitted diseases, especially Madura foot

- which can penetrate the skin through bare feet

82
Q

Negative impacts of fungi on human health

A
  1. Poisons
    - Toxins in mushrooms e.g. protoplasmic toxins, neurotoxins
  2. Mycotoxins
    - Aflotoxins due to Aspergillus flavus growing on improperly stored grain
  3. Immune response
    - Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions (fungi act as antigens)
  4. Mycoses (singular, mycosis)
    - Infections found in or on the body (opportunistic)
83
Q

Histoplasmosis

A
  • human respiratory disease caused by fungus Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Occurs throughout the world
  • In the U.S., it is most common in the southeastern, mid-Atlantic, and central states
  • exposure to bird feces, chicken farmers highest risk
  • spores are inhaled and the fungus begins its life as a human pathogen in the lungs of its victim
  • Grows as a mold in the soil, and infection results from breathing in airborne particles
  • early on disease symptoms were mistaken for tuberculosis
  • prescribed antibiotics, that usually worsened the disease due to the lack of competition for the fungus
84
Q

Basidiocarps

A
  • on wood
    1. Growth forms are annual(yearly) or perennial(any time of year)
    2. Texture:
  • Soft/fleshy
  • Woody
  • Papery
  • Cartilaginous
85
Q

Thrush

A
  • Oral candidiasis

- Candida albicans infection of the mouth

86
Q

What led to the extinction of bananas

A
  • Industrial monoculture
87
Q

Dermatophytes

A
  • diseases of the skin and other keratinized tissue
  • most frequently contracted in people
  • superficial/cutaneous mycoses
  • Dermatophytes cause infections commonly known as athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm.
  • caused by fungus in Microsporum or Trichophyton spp. each very specific in its ability to attack skin on a limited part of the body
  • When referring to these infections, the term tinea, along with the area of body involved, is used
  • Tinea is Latin for worm or grub because the infections were originally thought to be caused by worm-like parasites
88
Q

Tinea capitis

A
  • ringworm of the scalp (head)
89
Q

Oak bracket

A
  • Weeping conk, polypore
90
Q

Effects of the potato blight famine on the Irish population

A
  • had a pop of about 8 million and by 2011 there is about 4.487 million
  • strong resentment between the Irish and English
  • from fear of another famine many families left and moved (emigration of the Irish)
  • Irish influences on US(North America) and Canada
  • “Paddies” were not welcome in N.A by people, only employers who needed manual labor accepted them. Participation in the Am Civil War helped Irish overcome social barriers
  • origin of the plant pathology discipline
91
Q

Subcutaneous Mycoses

A
  • penetrate below the skin to involve the subcutaneous, connective, and bone tissue
  • Infection of subcutaneous tissues from the traumatic implantation of the fungus into the skin
92
Q

Why is Phytophthora infestans still a problem?

A
  • grew asexually, so fungicides and disease resistant varieties could protect the potato crop
  • compatible mating type in Europe, NA and SA
  • sexual reproduction allowed for rapid change
  • resistant potatoes were no longer resistant to fungicides
  • still a problem because the pathogen undergoes sexual reproduction, making fungicides no longer effective and resistance varieties no longer resistant.
  • tomatoes are a good host
93
Q

What was downy mildew? Who did the downy mildew of grape affect?

A
  • the fungus pathogen Plasmopara viticola caused a leaf and fruit disease called “downy mildew”
  • nearly destroyed the European wine industry
  • powdery white substance on vines and fruit of grapes which rotted and died
  • destroyed 80% of grapes in vineyards
94
Q

Trad Cotter

A
  • Mushroom Mountain
  • environmental and economic pursuits
  • CEO is Olga Cotter
  • President is Trad Cotter
95
Q

Nail Fungus

A
  • Caused by Trichophyton rubrum
  • Nails also contain keratin
  • “tinea unguium” = ringworm of the nails
  • cure with Lamisil oral prescription
96
Q

Ganoderma species

A
  • Grow on wood
  • cause White rot
  • root rotter
  • “shelf fungus” or stipitate
  • Woody, perennial growth(any time of the year)
    1. G. Applanatum
  • “Artist’s conk” because of very fine pores
    2. G. lucidum
  • Reishi or Lingzhi, Chinese medicinal mushroom
97
Q

What causes butt rot in most mature coniferous species

A
  1. Red-brown butt rot
  2. Velvet top
  3. Cow pie polypore
  4. Dyer’s polypore
  5. Brown rot
98
Q

Saprotrophic fungi

A
  • some can break down bone, old hooves, horns
99
Q

Athlete’s foot

A
  • tinea pedis
  • dermatophyte
  • superficial/cutaneous mycoses
  • caused by Trichophyton rubrum
  • Occurs where moisture and warm temperatures persist
  • like jock itch its a product of our modern lifestyle, tight clothing and shoes provide a warm and moist env for fungi to flourish!
  • starts in the webbing between the fourth and fifth toes
100
Q

Ringworm

A
  • caused by Trichophyton rubrum
  • dermatophyte
  • superficial/cutaneous mycoses
  • Common diagnosis for hair loss in pets
  • lesions on the skin develop as discrete circles with raised red margins
  • can also contract on skin or hair, easily spread to children/people in general
  • “Tinea capitis”(ringworm of the scalp), tinea pedis (feet), tine unguium (nails), or “tinea corporis” (ringworm of the body)
101
Q

Cedar-apple rust caused by:

A
  • Gymnosporangium juniperi f. sp. virginianae

* dont need to memorize

102
Q

Candidiasis

A
  • True yeast infection, Canida albicans pathogen
  • Systemic or superficial infections
  • Most common cause of fungal infections worldwide
  • Occur on (skin)/ in (mouth, gastrointestinal tract) humans
  • If problems in stomach (mucosal barrier) or immune compromised can cause infection
  • Systemic infection- can be life threatening, treat with systemic antifungal drugs (hard on organs, antifungal resistance)
103
Q

Jock itch

A
  • infection of the skin on the inner thighs
  • superficial/cutaneous mycoses
  • dermatophyte
  • caused by Trichophytum rubrum
  • tinea cruris= ringworm fungus of the groin
104
Q

White Rot

A
  • Cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose removed at approx. equal rates by fungus
  • Wood becomes pale (bleached) and stringy
  • Predominant form of wood rot
  • largest group of wood-rot fungi in Basidiomycota or Ascomycota
  • more common in deciduous trees
105
Q

Dutch Elm Disease

A
  • Killed many of the North American elm trees, still trying to control disease
  • Name refers to ID of the disease in the Netherlands
  • monocultures introduced the pathogen
106
Q

Spread of Blastomycosis

A
  • Occur in Eastern and Midwest North America
  • Wisconsin contains the majority of outbreaks
  • Patients with Blastomycosis in South Carolina usually are located in the Northwestern part of the state
  • Dogs infected, esp hunting dogs
107
Q

Smut diseases of plants

A
  • biotrophs/obligate parasites

- clouds of smut spores

108
Q

David Gruby

A
  • proved for the first time that a human disease was caused by a microorganism
  • identified the species Trichophyton schoenleinii as the cause of a disease known as favus or ringworm
109
Q

Forestry in the South East

A
  • Loblolly pine monoculture

- Fusiform rust of loblolly pine

110
Q

What caused famine in the Middle East

A
  • diseases known as stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust on cereal grains such as wheat, barley, rye and oats
  • associated with the Biblical days
  • one of the oldest records of plant disease
111
Q

Symptoms of Histoplasmosis

A
  • often none, or variable, overlap other diseases (cough, fever; tuberculosis)
  • May affect lungs, skin
  • Endemic to OH and MS river basins, esp. in soil contaminated with bird, bat droppings
  • histoplasma spores
  • referenced by Johnny Cash in “Beans for Breakfast“, House, Dexter
  • Bob Dylan lies critically ill with a case of histoplasmosis and brought awareness to the serious threat of fungi

Fungi And Civilizations (15 decks)

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