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Fungi And Civilizations > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Ethnomycology

A
  • the study of the historical uses and sociological impacts of fungi
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2
Q

Entheogens

A
  • creates god within, a psychoactive substance used in religious, shamanic, or spiritual context
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3
Q

As hunters and gatherers fungi was used for:

A
  • food, medicines and visionary agents
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4
Q

Entheogenic mushrooms were known as the

A
  • gateways to the innermost secrets of existence
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5
Q

Egyptian crowns, stylized depictions of _______

A
  • Psilocybes
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6
Q

How did Egyptians view psilocybe ingestion?

A
  • believed Pharaohs descendants from shamanic pastoralists and herbalists, were the divine and immortal “Sons of the Sun” because of psilocybe ingestion
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7
Q

What did the Aztecs name psilocybin mushrooms?

A
  • Teonanacatl, meaning “flesh of the gods” or “divine flesh”
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8
Q

______________________ observed Indians eating wild, hallucinogenic mushrooms.

A
  • 16th century Spanish explorers
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9
Q

How did Christian and Islamic societies view hallucinogenic mushrooms and plants?

A
  • prohibited and believed to be the work of the devil
  • those who resisted and continued their ceremonies in secret were punished by public flogging to burning alive at the stake
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10
Q

Robert Gordon Wasson and Valentina Pavlovna Guercken

A
  • recognized cultural differences toward fungi
  • called their field ethnomycology
  • coined the terms mycophobe and mycophile
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11
Q

Wasson and Guercken hypothesis

A
  • hypothesized that hallucinogenic mushrooms had a major role in evolution of human cultures and religions world wide
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12
Q

Wasson and Guercken traveled the world and integrated mycology with:

A
  • history, linguistics, comparative religion, mythology, art and archaeology
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13
Q

In his travels Wasson visited tribes to witness mushroom ceremonies and observed shaman, he was paid to eat mushrooms and tell visions. He ate the ______ mushroom

A
  • Psilocybe
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14
Q

Who was the first westerner to experience the Mazatec mushroom involving the ingestion of psychoactive. He was also best known for his Life magazine article __________.

A
  • Wasson

- Seeking the Magic Mushroom

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15
Q

What did Timothy Leary propose?

A
  • proposed a new approach to psychotherapy- actively immerse therapist in patients emotional turmoil
  • experienced magical mushrooms as the vehicle to reach the state of the disturbed
  • used pure psilocybin, then LSD and mescaline
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16
Q

How did people react to what Timothy Leary was doing?

A
  • Fired from Harvard in 1963

- Laws enacted to rid country of hallucinogens

17
Q

What theory did Terence McKenna pose?

A
  • Psilocybin ingestion was primary in the formation of language and culture
  • Rapid rise from apes to humans bc of hallucinogenic mushrooms
18
Q

How did Terence McKenna say that psilocybin affects the brain?

A
  • temporarily increases neuro-chemical activity in the language centers of the brain when consumed in low doses
  • results in super heightened senses
19
Q

Which mushrooms shaped mankind

A
  • Amanita muscaria
20
Q

Why is Amanita muscaria referred to as “mushrooms that shaped mankind”?

A
  • It is an entheogen in various world religions and shamanic practice
21
Q

What is a shaman? Where did they originate?

A
  • a person regarded as having access to and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits, especially among some peoples of northern Asia and North America
  • such people enter a trance state during a ritual and practice divination and healing
  • originated in Siberia
22
Q

Shamans practice in _____ rituals

A
  • pagan

- good or evil spirits reside in all objects

23
Q

Some Shamans use of mushrooms

A
  • as a tool to mediate/communicate with the upper and lower worlds
24
Q

What did Philip Johann von Strahlenberg observe on his travels?

A
  • observed Korjak Tribesman consumption of Amanita muscaria, fly-agaric
  • mushroom provisions + boiling water= intoxicants
  • others drink urine
  • reindeer eat mushrooms and drink urine
25
Q

Define Soma

A
  • life force worshipped since ancient Hindu culture

- one foot, red and white head passed from one person to another via urine

26
Q

The Forbidden fruit

A
  • 12th century French fresco depicting adam and even next to a Pilzbaum, or mushroom tree hosting Amanita muscaria
27
Q

How did the Vikings use Amanita muscaria and what ability did they gain from this?

A
  • had religious rituals involving dancing and consumption of Amanita muscaria
  • used when they were getting ready to invade a land
  • gained ability to turn off fear and emotions, gained reputation for fierceness
28
Q

Mushrooms and mystical beings

A
  • gnomes, fairies, little people, folklore, and supernatural origins
  • Amanita muscaria is a Good Luck Charm associated with the four leafed clover
29
Q

Fairy Ring

A
  • fairy circle, elf circle pixie ring
  • fairies danced in circles on midsummer nights eve
  • resting dragons causing bare patches, marking the position of treasure
  • gateways into elfin kingdoms
  • circles show where the devil set his milk chum
30
Q

The Hidden Meanings of Christmas Include:

A
  • evolved from traditions developed in Germany
  • the world tree
  • the gifts
  • the reindeer games
  • santa clause, super shaman
31
Q

The World Tree

A
  • roots stretch into the underworld
  • the trunk is the middle earth of everyday existence and branches reach into the heavens
  • connected the heavans and earth
32
Q

A muscaria grow in a _______ relationship with the pine tree

A
  • symbiotic/mycorrhizal
33
Q

The gifts

A
  • sprang from the earth without any visible seed, virgin birth
  • symbolic gift giving mimics the work of God/Santa/Nature, receiving gift under the tree
34
Q

Reindeer games

A
  • sacred animals, provided food, shelter and clothing
  • fond of eating Amanita mushrooms, they will seek them out and prance about while under their influence
  • often the urine of tripped out reindeer would be consumed for psychedelic affects
  • the effects included sensations of size distortion and flying
35
Q

Santa Claus/Shaman

A
  • fungus affects include flushed, ruddy flow and feelings of euphoria “ho ho ho”
  • mushroom gathering shamans wore red and white fur trimmed coats and long black boots
  • lived in yurts, central smoke hole used as entrance
  • climb down chimney entrances with their sacks
36
Q

Where do green, red and white christmas colors come from

A
  • evergreen tree and the red and white mushrooms underneath
37
Q

How did Central American cultures view entheogenic mushrooms?

A
  • Built temples to mushroom gods and carved “mushroom stones” in Mexico and Guatemala
38
Q

How did Indians use hallucinogenic mushrooms?

A
  • In celebrations and ceremonies

- for Intoxication, visions

39
Q

How did Spanish explorers view the Indians’ use of hallucinogenic mushrooms?

A
  • Deemed it barbaric
  • Didn’t permit use of these because of their Christian beliefs
  • Drove ceremonies underground for 400 years

Fungi And Civilizations (15 decks)

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