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Fungi And Civilizations > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The major groups of phyla

A
  1. Basidiomycota
  2. Ascomycota
  3. Zygomycota
  4. Glomeromycota
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2
Q

What is an anamorph?

A
  • asexual reproductive stage
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3
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A
  • they can have a sexual stage, an asexual stage or both

- can be in any phylum

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4
Q

What are general benefits of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Greater flexibility in growth
  • Greater flexibility in dispersal
  • Enhanced survival
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5
Q

What does it mean to say “greater flexibility in growth”?

A
  • Fast propagation and colonization

- Several generations of spores can be produced in a single growing season

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6
Q

What does it mean to say “greater flexibility in dispersal”?

A
  • Dissemination of a species

- Dispersed by wind, water, and animals

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7
Q

What does it mean to say “enhanced survival”?

A
  • Reproduction in the absence of opposite mating type

- Resistant propagules

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8
Q

Most molds are asexual states of ____________.

A
  • Ascomycetes
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9
Q

In what phylum do most species of fungi belong?

A
  • ascomycota
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10
Q

Ascomycota fungi are also called

A
  • anamorphic fungi , mitosporic fungi , conidial fungi, imperfect fungi and fungi imperfecti
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11
Q

Some ascomycota species are _______, affecting both human, animals and plants

A
  • pathogenic
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12
Q

What are characteristics of the Penicillium species?

A
  • Common saprotrophic fungi
  • Widespread
  • Isolated from soil
  • Decaying organic substances and plant parts
  • Look like a brush
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13
Q

What are examples of how the Penicillium species is used?

A
  • Bleu Cheese
  • Gorgonzola
  • Danish Blue
  • Roquefort
  • Stilton
  • penicillium camemberti- type of cheese
  • penicilium nalgiovense- meat curing process (salami)
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14
Q

What are characteristics of the Aspergillus species?

A
  • Filamentous, cosmopolitan and ubiquitous fungus found in nature
  • Isolated from soil, plant debris, and indoor air environment
  • Concern as indoor mold
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15
Q

What are common types of the Aspergillus species?

A
  • aspergillus nidulans

- aspergillus niger

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16
Q

The Aspergillus species is a major source of _________________.

A
  • citric acid

- accounts for 99% of global citric acid production

17
Q

How did the WW1 shortage of citric acid affect the way it’s made today?

A
  • Because of the shortage, people found news ways to make it using the fungus
18
Q

What are examples of products that contain citric acid?

A
  • soda
  • skittles
  • beano
  • soy sauce
19
Q

Beano is specifically made from aspergillus _____

A
  • niger
20
Q

Soy sauce is specifically made from aspergillus _____

A
  • oryzae
21
Q

What are characteristics of the Fusarium species?

A
  • Filamentous fungi widely distributed in the soil
  • Most are harmless saprotrophs
  • Some are plant pathogens
  • Some produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect animal and human health
22
Q

Where do Fusarium infections occur?

A
  • Can occur in humans with normal immune systems

- Infections can occur in nails and cornea

23
Q

What is Fusarium oxysporum also know as?

A
  • agent green
24
Q

What does Fusarium oxysporum do?

A
  • causes plant disease Fusarium wilt, colonizes xylem and blocks water flow resulting in wilting, yellowing, death
  • infects over 100 plant species
25
Q

What is the history of Fusarium oxysporum?

A
  • Discovered it was a destructive pathogen on Hawaiian coca (cocaine)
  • US government wanted to use it for eradication of coca in Columbian and Andean countries, war on drugs
  • Seen as biological warfare so Clinton stopped it
26
Q

What are characteristics of the Trichoderma species?

A
  • Common soil fungus
  • Some important mycoparasites
  • Produce chitinases
27
Q

What is the pro of the Trichoderma species?

A
  • biocontrol
28
Q

What is the con of the Trichoderma species?

A
  • contaminates mushrooms
29
Q

What enzyme does the Trichoderma reesei produce?

A
  • cellulase
30
Q

What does cellulase do?

A
  • breaks down cellulose (plants, fibers)

- important for nutrient recycling, holy grail of biofuel production

31
Q

How was cellulase discovered?

A
  • Isolated from Solomon Islands during WWII bc it was breaking down US Army tents and uniforms
32
Q

How is cellulase currently being used?

A
  • used in biotechnology and basic research
33
Q

What is an example of the use of cellulase in the real world?

A
  • to make stone washed jeans, or fungal-digested jeans
34
Q

What is cellulase known as?

A
  • the holy grail of biofuel production
35
Q

What can fungi be used for?

A
  • fuel, scientists discovered that fungus could fuel a car
36
Q

What is Pestalotiopsis microspora?

A
  • fungus that degrades plastic
37
Q

What is significant about Cyclosporin?

A
  • changed the face of transplantation, decreased morbidity and enabled organ trasnplantation
38
Q

Where is cyclosporin isolated from?

A
  • Tolypocladium inflatum and Elaphocordyceps subsessilis

Fungi And Civilizations (15 decks)

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