Chapter 13

Question 1

What antibiotic is known as the miracle drug that changed the world of modern medicine?

Answer 1

• Penicillin, Isolated from the mold, Penicillium notatum

Question 2

Antibiotics

Answer 2

• substances that are released by bacteria and fungi as a means of inhibiting other organisms (chemical warfare)

Question 3

Penicillin

Answer 3

• a class of antibiotics that comes from mold
• discovered by accident by Alexander Fleming
• was the first antibiotic
• resembles a protein needed for production of cell wall

Question 4

How does penicillin function?

Answer 4

• binds to cell wall of bacteria, prevents peptide chains from linking and lyses (cuts) it

Question 5

What does the name penicillium come from?

Answer 5

• penicillus=brush

- name based on the brush-like appearance of the fruiting structures

Question 6

Alexander Flemming

Answer 6

• found a fungal infection in his bacterial cultures
• noticed bacteria growth was inhibited by fungus
• was the first to discover penicillin
• received a nobel prize

Question 7

How does fungus inhibit bacteria?

Answer 7

• with metabolite it was producing

Question 8

Anne Miller

Answer 8

• was the first civilian patient to be successfully treated with penicillin after miscarrying and developing an infection that led to blood poisoning

Question 9

in what way did Chinese, Egyptians and Indians of central America use molds

Answer 9

• to treat rashes and infected wounds

Question 10

Flemings famous saying

Answer 10

• because he was able to stand “on the shoulders of giants”, discovery of penicillin was possible

Question 11

Pasteur’s Germ Theory

Answer 11

• diseases were spread by microorganisms

Question 12

William Robert

Answer 12

• bacterial growth absent in cultures of Penicillium glaucum

Question 13

Joseph Lister

Answer 13

• urine sample contaminated with mold did not allow bacterial growth
• also introduced sterile surgical techniques

Question 14

Rudolf Emmerich

Answer 14

• cholera could be prevented in animals by injection with Streptococcus bacterium

Question 15

Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low

Answer 15

• isolated pyocyanase (enzyme) from Bacillus pyocyaneus
• killed many different bacteria
• was inconsistent

Question 16

Andre Gratia and Sara Dath

Answer 16

• observed Penicillium contamination in one culture which inhibited Staphylcoccus aureus growth

Question 17

Soldiers in WW2 died due to what bacteria?

Answer 17

• septicemia

- Flemmings began looking for anti bacterial agents

Question 18

Lister’s antiseptic procedures

Answer 18

• introduced the idea that certain antiseptic compounds can be harmful to human tissue

Question 19

What is a negative of penicillin

Answer 19

• unable to produce it in quantities necessary of practical use, produced by-products, unstable chemical

Question 20

Cecil Paine

Answer 20

• “the forgotten man”
• first to successfully treat a human
• student of Alexander Fleming, inspired to work with penicillin by his original publication
• “a shocking lecturer, the worst you can imagine” lack of enthusiasm
• never published results nor gave a paper on results

Question 21

Dr Howard Florey and Ernest Chain

Answer 21

• continued Flemings research

Question 22

Ernest Chain

Answer 22

• successfully purified extract of penicillin
• led the chemistry that led purification of stable forms of penicillin
• tested on lab animals (mice)
• germans offensive on european mainland
• the first human patient died, the next two were successful, the next died

Question 23

Florey

Answer 23

• was not able to make enough penicillin so he went to a USDA lab in Peoria, IL
• ran clinical trials for penicillin
• lab working to find use of organic wastes and corn steep liquor into something useful
• increased the output of penicillium by 20x

Question 24

“Moldy Mary”

Answer 24

• found productive species of penicillium on cantaloupe

Question 25

Advertisements for penicillin

Answer 25

• WW2 advertisements informing soldiers and citizens of the new wonder drug
• the production of penicillin brought about revolutionary changes in the control of infections and venereal diseases

Question 26

Negative aspects of penicillin

Answer 26

• 10% of the population is allergic

- Antibiotic resistance is among CDC’s top concerns

Question 27

Lovastatin

Answer 27

• produced by aspergillus terreus, pleurotus ostreatus and related spp.
• used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease

Question 28

Cyclosporin

Answer 28

• changed the face of transplantation, decreased morbidity and enabled organ transplantation isolated from asexual state
• sexual state is in Tolypocladium inflatum and
  Elaphocordyceps subsessilis