Chapter 13 Flashcards
What antibiotic is known as the miracle drug that changed the world of modern medicine?
- Penicillin, Isolated from the mold, Penicillium notatum
Antibiotics
- substances that are released by bacteria and fungi as a means of inhibiting other organisms (chemical warfare)
Penicillin
- a class of antibiotics that comes from mold
- discovered by accident by Alexander Fleming
- was the first antibiotic
- resembles a protein needed for production of cell wall
How does penicillin function?
- binds to cell wall of bacteria, prevents peptide chains from linking and lyses (cuts) it
What does the name penicillium come from?
- penicillus=brush
- name based on the brush-like appearance of the fruiting structures
Alexander Flemming
- found a fungal infection in his bacterial cultures
- noticed bacteria growth was inhibited by fungus
- was the first to discover penicillin
- received a nobel prize
How does fungus inhibit bacteria?
- with metabolite it was producing
Anne Miller
- was the first civilian patient to be successfully treated with penicillin after miscarrying and developing an infection that led to blood poisoning
in what way did Chinese, Egyptians and Indians of central America use molds
- to treat rashes and infected wounds
Flemings famous saying
- because he was able to stand “on the shoulders of giants”, discovery of penicillin was possible
Pasteur’s Germ Theory
- diseases were spread by microorganisms
William Robert
- bacterial growth absent in cultures of Penicillium glaucum
Joseph Lister
- urine sample contaminated with mold did not allow bacterial growth
- also introduced sterile surgical techniques
Rudolf Emmerich
- cholera could be prevented in animals by injection with Streptococcus bacterium
Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low
- isolated pyocyanase (enzyme) from Bacillus pyocyaneus
- killed many different bacteria
- was inconsistent
Andre Gratia and Sara Dath
- observed Penicillium contamination in one culture which inhibited Staphylcoccus aureus growth
Soldiers in WW2 died due to what bacteria?
- septicemia
- Flemmings began looking for anti bacterial agents
Lister’s antiseptic procedures
- introduced the idea that certain antiseptic compounds can be harmful to human tissue
What is a negative of penicillin
- unable to produce it in quantities necessary of practical use, produced by-products, unstable chemical
Cecil Paine
- “the forgotten man”
- first to successfully treat a human
- student of Alexander Fleming, inspired to work with penicillin by his original publication
- “a shocking lecturer, the worst you can imagine” lack of enthusiasm
- never published results nor gave a paper on results
Dr Howard Florey and Ernest Chain
- continued Flemings research
Ernest Chain
- successfully purified extract of penicillin
- led the chemistry that led purification of stable forms of penicillin
- tested on lab animals (mice)
- germans offensive on european mainland
- the first human patient died, the next two were successful, the next died
Florey
- was not able to make enough penicillin so he went to a USDA lab in Peoria, IL
- ran clinical trials for penicillin
- lab working to find use of organic wastes and corn steep liquor into something useful
- increased the output of penicillium by 20x
“Moldy Mary”
- found productive species of penicillium on cantaloupe
Advertisements for penicillin
- WW2 advertisements informing soldiers and citizens of the new wonder drug
- the production of penicillin brought about revolutionary changes in the control of infections and venereal diseases
Negative aspects of penicillin
- 10% of the population is allergic
- Antibiotic resistance is among CDC’s top concerns
Lovastatin
- produced by aspergillus terreus, pleurotus ostreatus and related spp.
- used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease
Cyclosporin
- changed the face of transplantation, decreased morbidity and enabled organ transplantation isolated from asexual state
- sexual state is in Tolypocladium inflatum and
Elaphocordyceps subsessilis
